Religion and state violence: legitimation in Israel, the USA and Iran

References

• Ahmadinejad , M. 2005a . Address by H.E. Dr. Mahmood Ahmadinejad President of the Islamic Republic of Iran before the Sixtieth Session of the United Nations General Assembly , United Nations, 17 September. Available from: http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/60/statements/iran050917eng.pdf [accessed 16 July 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadinejad , M. 2005b . Text of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's speech . The New York Times , 30 October. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/weekinreview/30iran.html?_r=1&ei=5070&en [accessed 16 July 2009]
   Google Scholar
• al-Mufıd , S. 1981 . Kitāb al-Irshād , Horsham : Balagha .
   Google Scholar
• Appleby , R. S. 2000 . The ambivalence of the sacred: religion, violence, and reconciliation , Oxford : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Aquinas , T. 1981 . Summa Theologica , Westminster : Christian Classics .
   Google Scholar
• Arjomand , S. A. 1988 . The turban for the crown: the Islamic Revolution in Iran , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Asad , M. 1961 . The principles of state and government in Islam , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bainton , R. 1960 . Christian attitudes toward war and peace: a historical survey and critical re-evaluation , London : Hodder and Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Bellah , R. 1970 . “ Civil religion in America ” . In Beyond belief: essays on religion in a post-traditional world , Edited by: Bellah , R. 168 – 186 . New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Beringer , R. E. 1986 . Why the South lost the Civil War , Athens : University of Georgia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blidstein , G. J. 1991 . “ Holy war in Maimonidean law ” . In Perspectives on Maimonides: philosophical and historical studies , Edited by: Kraemer , J. L. 209 – 220 . Oxford : Published for the Littman Library by Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bongars . 1905 . “ Gesta Dei per Francos ” . In A source book for Mediæval history; selected documents illustrating the history of Europe in the Middle Age , Edited by: Thatcher , O. J. and McNeal , E. H. 513 – 517 . New York : C. Scribner's Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Boyarin , J. 1992 . Reading Exodus into history . New Literary History , 23 ( 3 ) : 523 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2001a . Address to a joint session of congress and the American people , The White House, 20 September. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2001b . President George W. Bush's inaugural address , The White House, 20 January. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/inaugural-address.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2001c . Presidential address to the nation , The White House, 7 October. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011007-8.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2001d . Statement by the President in his address to the nation , The White House, 11 September. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2002a . President's remarks at the United Nations General Assembly , The White House, 12 September. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2002b . President Bush delivers graduation speech at West Point , The White House, 1 June. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2002c . President delivers State of the Union address , The White House, 29 January. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2003a . President delivers ‘State of the Union’ , The White House, 28 January. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2003b . President says Saddam Hussein must leave Iraq within 48 hours , The White House, 17 March. Available from: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-7.html [accessed 8 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Cauthen , B. 2004 . Covenant and continuity: ethno-symbolism and the myth of divine election . Nations and Nationalism , 10 ( 1/2 ) : 19 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. A. 2005 . The changing Jewish discourse on armed conflict: themes and implications . Terrorism and Political Violence , 17 ( 3 ) : 353 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. A. and Inbar , E. 1991 . A taxonomy of Israel's use of military force . Comparative Strategy , 10 ( 2 ) : 121 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins . 2002 . Holy Bible: English standard version , Edited by: Collins . London : Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , J. J. 2003 . The zeal of Phinehas: the Bible and the legitimation of violence . Journal of Biblical Literature , 122 ( 1 ) : 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs , J. 1993 . The Reagan range: the nostalgic myth in American politics , Bowling Green , KY : Bowling Green State University Popular Press .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , C. 1991 . Bush, cabinet join Billy Graham in prayers for Gulf forces , The Associated Press, 17 January
   Google Scholar
• Dabashi , H. 1993 . Theology of discontent: the ideological foundations of the Islamic Revolution in Iran , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , L. 1998 . Islamic fundamentalism , Westport , PA : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dawood , N. J. 2003 . The Koran , Edited by: Dawood , N. J. Camberwell : Penguin Books Australia Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Domke, D.S. and Coe, K.M., 2008. The God strategy: how religion became a political weapon in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. 1978 . Cultural bias , London : Royal Anthropological Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. 1982 . Essays in the sociology of perception , Edited by: Douglas , M. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. 1986 . How institutions think , Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Draper , G. I.A.D. 1976 . The just war doctrine . The Yale Law Journal , 86 ( 2 ) : 370 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , P. D. 1985 . Reagan speaks: the making of an American myth , New York: New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Esposito , J. L. 2002 . Unholy war: terror in the name of Islam , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Esposito , J. L. and Voll , J. O. 1996 . Islam and democracy , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Euben , R. L. 2002 . Killing (for) politics: jihad, martyrdom, and political action . Political Theory , 30 ( 1 ) : 4 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferré , F. 1970 . The definition of religion . Journal of the American Academy of Religion , 38 ( 1 ) : 3 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First Zionist Congress . 1897 . “ The Basle program ” . In The Jew in the modern world: a documentary history , Edited by: Mendes-Flohr , P. and Reinharz , J. 540 – 541 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Flannery , E. H. 2004 . The anguish of the Jews: twenty-three centuries of anti-semitism , New York : Paulist Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , P. 2001 . Europe cringes at Bush ‘Crusade’ against terrorists , The Christian Science Monitor, 19 September. Available from: http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0919/p12s2-woeu.html [accessed 25 April 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Frantzen , A. J. 2004 . Bloody good: chivalry, sacrifice, and the Great War , Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geertz , C. 1973 . The interpretation of cultures , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , J. 2004 . Among the settlers . The New Yorker , 31 May. Available from: http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact2_a [accessed 6 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Goldwater , B. 1964 . Goldwater's 1964 acceptance speech . The Washington Post , Available from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwaterspeech.htm [accessed 17 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Goldwurm , H. 1990–2002 . Talmud Bavli: the Gemara , Edited by: Goldwurm , H. New York : Mesorah Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Grotius , H. 1962 . The law of war and peace: de jure belli ac pacis libri tres , Indianapolis , IN : Bobbs-Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Gutman , I. 1994 . The Warsaw ghetto uprising , New York : Mariner Books .
   Google Scholar
• Heck , P. L. 2004 . Jihad revisited . Journal of Religious Ethics , 32 ( 1 ) : 95 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzl , T. 1988 . The Jewish state , New York : Dover Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , B. 2006 . Inside terrorism , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , R. L. 1999 . “ St. Augustine and the just war theory ” . In The Augustinian tradition , Edited by: Mathews , G. B. 323 – 344 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , E. 2006 . Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of Jewish violence , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , W. S. 1970 . Nationalism and religion in America: concepts of American identity and mission , Edited by: Hudson , W. S. Evanston , IL : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , S. 1996 . The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Ibn Ishaq . 2006 . The life of Muhammad , Karachi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ibn Taymīya . 1982 . Public duties in Islam: the institution of the Hisba , Leicester : Islamic Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Inbar , E. 1987 . War in Jewish tradition . The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations , 9 ( 2 ) : 83 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• International Constitutional Law . 1979 . Iran – constitution , University of Berne, 24 October. Available from: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html [accessed 4 June 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Israeli , R. 2003 . War, peace and terror in the Middle East , London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Jabotinsky , Z. 1999 . The political and social philosophy of Ze'ev Jabotinsky: selected writings , London : Vallentine Mitchell .
   Google Scholar
• Juergensmeyer , M. 1993 . The new Cold War?: religious nationalism confronts the secular state , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Juergensmeyer , M. 2003 . Terror in the mind of God: the global rise of religious violence , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keddie , N. R. 2003 . Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kepel , G. 2002 . Jihad: the trail of political Islam , Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Khadduri , M. 1955 . War and peace in the law of Islam , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Khomeini , R. 1981 . “ Islamic government ” . In Islam and revolution , Edited by: Algar , H. 27 – 166 . Berkeley , CA : Mizan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knobler , A. 2006 . Holy wars, empires, and the portability of the past: the modern uses of Medieval crusades . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 48 ( 2 ) : 293 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , M. 1996 . Arab awakening and Islamic revival: the politics of ideas in the Middle East , New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , B. 1999 . The multiple identities of the Middle East , London : Phoenix .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , B. 2003 . The crisis of Islam: holy war and unholy terror , London : Phoenix .
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , B. 2006 . Holy terrors: thinking about religion after September 11 , Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lüdemann , G. 1997 . The unholy in holy scripture: the dark side of the Bible , Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maimonides , M. 1949 . The code of Maimonides , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McKim , R. H. 1918 . For God and country , New York : E. P. Dutton & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer , J. J. 2001 . The tragedy of great power politics , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Meir , G. 2010 . Selected Quotes from Golda Meir , Metropolitan State College of Denver, 15 December. Available from: http://www.mscd.edu/golda/golda/quotes.shtml [accessed 15 December 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Mohammad , N. 1985 . The doctrine of jihad: an introduction . Journal of Law and Religion , 3 ( 2 ) : 381 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Momen , M. 1985 . An introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moorhead , J. H. 1994 . “ The American Israel: Protestant tribalism and universal mission ” . In Many are chosen: divine election and Western nationalism , Edited by: Hutchinson , W. R. and Lehmann , H. Minneapolis , MN : Fortress .
   Google Scholar
• Muslim Students Association . 2009 . Compendium of Muslim texts , University of Southern California . Available from: http://www.msawest.net/islam [accessed 18 June 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Netanyahu , B. 2009a . PM's speech at the Begin–Sadat Center at Bar-Ilan University , Prime Minister's Office, 14 June. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Communication/PMSpeaks/speechbarilan140609.htm [accessed 12 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Netanyahu , B. 2009b . Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's speech marking 64 years since the victory over Nazi Germany , Prime Minister's Office, 13 May. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Communication/PMSpeaks/speechgerman130509.htm [accessed 12 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Niditch , S. 1993 . War in the Hebrew Bible: a study in the ethics of violence , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien , C. C. 1988 . God-land: reflections on religion and nationalism , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Obama , B. 2009 . President Barack Obama's inaugural address , The White House, 20 January. Available from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/President_Barack_Obamas_Inaugural_Address [accessed 16 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Parvin , M. and Sommer , M. 1980 . Dar al-Islam: the evolution of Muslim territoriality and its implications for conflict resolution in the Middle East . International Journal of Middle East Studies , 11 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patai , R. 1986 . The seed of Abraham: Jews and Arabs in contact and conflict , Salt Lake City , UT : University of Utah Press .
   Google Scholar
• Qutb , S. 1991 . Milestones. Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey , P. 1992 . “ The just war according to St Augustine ” . In Just war theory , Edited by: Elshtain , J. B. 8 – 22 . New York: New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Riley-Smith , J. 2008 . The crusades, Christianity, and Islam , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sagi , A. 1994 . The punishment of Amalek in Jewish tradition: coping with the moral problem . Harvard Theological Review , 87 ( 3 ) : 323 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherman , N. 1996 . Tanach. Stone ed , Edited by: Scherman , N. Brooklyn , NY : Mesorah Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , R. M. 1997 . The curse of Cain: the violent legacy of Monotheism , Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sharon , A. 2002a . PM Sharon's address to the nation 31/03/2002 , Prime Minister's Office, 31 March. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Archive/Speeches/2002/03/Spokesman5340 [accessed 25 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Sharon , A. 2002b . PM Sharon's speech to the nation , Prime Minister's Office, 21 February. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Archive/Speeches/2001/02/Spokesman4907 [accessed 25 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Sharon , A. 2005a . PM's speech at the ceremony awarding honorary degrees at Bar-Ilan University , Prime Minister's Office, 7 June. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Archive/Speeches/2005/06/speechbar070605.htm [accessed 25 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Sharon , A. 2005b . PM Sharon's speech at the Knesset special session marking the struggle against anti-semitism , Prime Minister's Office, 26 January. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Archive/Speeches/2005/01/speech260105.ht [accessed 25 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Sharon , A. 2005c . Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's speech at the United Nations assembly , United Nations, 15 September. Available from: http://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements15/isr050915eng.pdf [accessed 25 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Sharon , A. 2005d . Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's speech at the memorial service for the victims of terror , Prime Minister's Office, 11 May. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Archive/Speeches/2005/05/speech2110505.htm [accessed 25 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Shimoni , G. 1995 . The Zionist ideology , Hanover , NH : Brandeis University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shlaim , A. 2000 . The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world , New York : W.W. Norton & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Sivan , E. 1995 . “ The enclave culture ” . In Fundamentalisms comprehended , Edited by: Marty , M. E. and Appleby , R. S. 11 – 68 . Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , R. 2001 . One true God: historical consequences of monotheism , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steele , J. 2006 . Lost in translation , Guardian Unlimited, 14 June. Available from: http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/jonathan_steele/2006/06/post_155.html [accessed 16 July 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Stern , P. D. 1991 . The Biblical Herem: a window on Israel's religious experience , Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , J. 2003 . Terror in the name of God: why militants kill , New York : Ecco .
   Google Scholar
• Suárez , F. 1944 . “ De triplici virtute theological: de charitate, disputatio XIII [de bello] ” . In Selections from three works of Francisco Suárez , Edited by: Scott , J. B. 800 – 865 . London : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Surkes , S. 1997 . Hostile stereotypes persist despite the peace process . Times Educational Supplement , 11 April, p. 4
   Google Scholar
• Trompf , G. W. 1979 . The idea of historical recurrence in Western thought: from antiquity to the Reformation , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuveson , E. L. 1968 . Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role , Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• de Victoria , F. 1917 . De indis et de ivre belli relectiones , Washington , DC : The Carnegie Institution of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , M. 1976 . The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism , translated by T. Parsons. London: Allen and Unwin
   Google Scholar
• Werblowsky , R. J.Z. and Wigoder , G. 1997 . The Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion , Edited by: Werblowsky , R. J.Z. and Wigoder , G. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. A. 1971 . Themes of Islamic civilization , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wistrich , R. S. 2002 . Muslim anti-semitism: a clear and present danger , New York : American Jewish Committee .
   Google Scholar
• Wistrich , R. S. 2003 . The old–new anti-semitism . The National Interest , 72 (Summer) : 59 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , B. 2004 . Plan of attack , New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks .
   Google Scholar