Islam and power legitimation: instrumentalisation of religion in Central Asian States

References

• The Agency for Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2010). Public census 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2012, from http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Akiner, S. (2003). The politicisation of Islam in Postsoviet Central Asia. Religion State & Society, 31(2), 97–123. doi: 10.1080/09637490308282
   Google Scholar
• AKIpress. (2014, October 29). Speech of president of Kazakhstan at World Islamic Economic Forum in Dubai. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic. Retrieved from http://www.akipress.com/news:550425/
   Google Scholar
• Asad, T. (1986). The idea of an anthropology of Islam. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ayoob, M. (2005). The future of political Islam: The importance of external variables. International Affairs, 81(5), 951–961. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00496.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoob, M. (2007). The many faces of political Islam: Religion and politics in the Muslim world. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balci, B. (2003). Fethullah Güllen's missionary schools in Central Asia and their role in the spreading of Turkism and Isla. Religion State & Society, 31(2), 151–77. doi: 10.1080/09637490308283
   Google Scholar
• Biard, A. (2010). The Religious factor in the reification of ‘neo-ethnic’ identities in Kyrgyzstan. Nationalities Papers, 38(3), 323–35. doi: 10.1080/00905991003653140
   Google Scholar
• Billings, D., & Scott, S. (1994). Religion and political legitimation. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 173–202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1987). What makes a social class? On the theoretical and practical existence of groups. Berkley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and powers: The structure of International security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Creutz-Kämppi, K. (2008). The othering of Islam in a European context. Nordicom Review, 29(2), 295–308.
   Google Scholar
• Dan, U. (2003, February 20). Islam under snow. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-71893266.html
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1998). The history of sexuality: The will to knowledge. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Fredholm, M. (2006). Islamic extremism as a political force. A comparative study of Central Asian Islamic extremist movements. Asian Cultures and Modernity, 12, 19–30.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, J., & Patterson, E. D. (2009). Approaching the war of ideas. In E. D. Patterson & J. Galligher (Eds.), Debating the war of ideas (pp. 1–19). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hann, C. M. (2006). The Postsocialist Religious question: Faith and power in Central Asia and East-Central Europe. London: LIT Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Hann, C., & Pelkmans, M. (2009). Realigning religion and power in Central Asia: Islam, nation-state and (post)socialism. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(9), 1517–41. doi: 10.1080/09668130903209111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasenclever, A. (2012). War on earth and peace from heaven: Preventing religions from instrumentalisation. In R. Czada, T. Held, & M. Weigardt (Eds.), Religions and world peace: Religious capacities for conflict resolution and peacebuilding (pp. 184–195). Baden-Baden: Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Heathershaw, J., & Montgomery, D. W. (2014, December 29). ‘The Myth of Post-Soviet Muslim radicalization in the Central Asian Republics’. The Royal Institute of International Affairs: Chatham House. Retrieved from http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/field/field_document/20141111PostSovietRadicalizationHeathershawMontgomery.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Helfont, S. (2014). Saddam and the Islamists: The Ba'thist regime's instrumentalization of religion in foreign affairs. The Middle East Journal, 68(3), 352–366. doi: 10.3751/68.3.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgers, I. (2009). Why do Uzbeks have to be Muslims?: Exploring religiosity in the Ferghana valley. London: LIT Verlag, Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia.
   Google Scholar
• Huda, Q. (Ed.). (2010). Huda, Crescent and dove: Peace and conflict resolution in Islam. Washington, DC: The United States Institute of Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Hurd, E. (2008). The politics of secularism in international relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hurd, E. S. (2012). The politics of secularism. In T. S. Shah, A. Stepan, & M. D. Toft (Eds.). Oxford Scholarship Online.
   Google Scholar
• Iuga, N. (2012). Issues of legitimizing political power in the first half of the twentieth century: Max Weber and Karl Jaspers. Public Administration & Social Policies Review, 2(9), 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Karagiannis, E. (2005). Political Islam and social movement theory: The case of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kyrgyzstan. Religion, State and Society, 33(2), 137–150. doi: 10.1080/09637490500118638
   Google Scholar
• Karimov, I. (1998). Uzbekistan on the threshold of the twenty-first century: Challenges to stability and progress. New York, NY: St. Martin's.
   Google Scholar
• Karimov, I. (2000). Address by H.E. Mr Karimov at the First Session of Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Second Convocation). Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http://mansurovs.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/President/Speech_2/speech_2.html
   Google Scholar
• Kaya, A. (2012). Islam, migration and integration: The age of securitization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kazakhstan News Agency. (2005). Kazakh Leader Hails Muslims for Preserving Stability, Accord. 4 June (in Russian). Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com.www2.lib.ku.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/
   Google Scholar
• Kazakhstan News Agency. (2011, September 22). Religious influence in Kazakhstan Rising – Government Official. Retrieved from LexixNexis Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Kazakhstan News Agency. (2012, May 30). Nazarbayev calls on the global community to be more sensitive to Muslim societies. Retrieved from https://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng&int_id=expert_opinions&news_id=1026
   Google Scholar
• Kazakhstan News Agency. (2015, March 16). Kazakh official: Don't call IS militant ‘Islamists’. Retrieved from http://www.rferl.org/content/isis-kazakhstan-extremists-islam-religion/26903633.html
   Google Scholar
• Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. (2011, November 7). Kazakhstani President congratulates Muslims on Eid al-Adha holiday. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Khabar T. V. (2000, March 16). President Nazarbayev says he supports ‘real and pure’ Islam. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com.www2.lib.ku.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/
   Google Scholar
• Khalid, A. (2007). Islam after communism: Religion and politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laumulin, M. (2011). Islamic radicalism in Central Asia. In K. Warikoo (Ed.), Religion and security in South and Central Asia (pp. 139–149). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Layachi, A. (1995). Algeria: Reinstating the state or instating a civil society? In I. W. Zartman (Ed.), Collapsed states – the disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority (pp. 171–189). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Louw, M. (2006). Pursuing ‘Muslimness’: Shrines as sites for Moralities in the making in post-soviet Bukhara. Central Asian Survey, 25(3), 319–39. doi: 10.1080/02634930601022583
   Google Scholar
• Louw, M. (2007). Everyday Islam in post-Soviet Central Asia. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mariano, R. (2011). The reciprocal instrumentalization of religion and politics in Brazil. In P. Michel & E. Pace (Eds.), Annual review of the sociology of religion (Vol. 2, pp. 245–266). Religion and politics. Leiden: Brill Online Books and Journals.
   Google Scholar
• Matveeva, A. (2009). Legitimising Central Asian Authoritarianism: Political manipulation and symbolic power. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(7), 1095–1121. doi: 10.1080/09668130903068624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBrien, J. (2006). Listening to the wedding speaker: Discussing religion and culture in Southern Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 25(3), 341–357. doi: 10.1080/02634930601022591
   Google Scholar
• Naumkin, V. (2005). Radical Islam in Central Asia: Between pen and rifle. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Nazarbayev, N. (2006, March 1). Address of the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the People of Kazakhstan. Retrieved from http://www.akorda.kz/en/page/page_address-of-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-nursultan-nazarbayev-to-the-people-of-kazakhstan-march-1-2006_1343986805?print=1
   Google Scholar
• Nazarbayev, N. (2011, June 28). Address by president of Kazakhstan at the 38th OIC Council of Foreign Ministers. Retrieved from http://www.akorda.kz/en/page/address-by-president-of-kazakhstan-nursultan-nazarbayev-at-the-38th-oic-council-of-foreign-ministers-astana-june-28-2011_1341926800?print=1
   Google Scholar
• Nazarbayev, N. (2014). Kazakhstan's Way – 2050: Common aim, common interests, common future. Retrieved from http://www.kazembassyiran.com/english/NewsDet-66-Address-of-the-President-of-the-Republic-of-Kazakhstan-NNazarbayev-to-the-nation-of-the-Republic-of-Kazakhstan
   Google Scholar
• Omelicheva, M. (2011). Counterterrorism policies in Central Asia. Routledge: New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Omelicheva, M. (2013). Central Asian conceptions of ‘democracy’: Ideological resistance to International democratization. In R. Vanderhill & M. E. Aleprete Jr. (Eds.), International dimensions of authoritarian persistence: Lessons from Post-Soviet States (pp. 81–104). Lanham, MD: Lexington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. (1992). State, power and politics in the making of modern middle East. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2012). The world's Muslims: Unity and diversity (Washington, Pew Forum on Religious & Public Life). Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Peyrouse, S. (2007). Islam in Central Asia: National specificities and Post-Soviet globalization. Religion, State and Society, 35(3), 245–60. doi: 10.1080/09637490701458676
   Google Scholar
• Platteau, J. P. (2011). Political instrumentalization of Islam and the risk of Obscurantist deadlock. World Development, 39(2), 243–60. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Privratsky, B. (2001). Muslim Turkistan: Kazak Religion and collective memory. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rabinow, P. (Ed.). (1991). The Foulcault reader: An introduction to Foulcault‘s thought. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Radio Free Europe. (2015, March 24). Most Uzbeks fighting for IS came from Russia, Theologian Claims. Retrieved from http://www.rferl.org/content/most-uzbeks-fighting-for-is-came-from-russia-theologian-claims/26918165.html
   Google Scholar
• Rasanayagam, J. (2010). Islam in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan: The morality of experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ro'i, Y., & Wainer, A. (2009). Muslim identity and Islamic practice in Post-Soviet Central Asia. Central Asian Survey, 28(3), 303–22. doi: 10.1080/02634930903421863
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqui, H. (1992, July 9–14). The scramble for Central Asia. World Press Review [republished in Foreign Report, no. 2191 (16 Jan. 1992), pp. 1–2].
   Google Scholar
• Uzbekistan National News Agency. (2007, August 14). President greets participants of international conference ‘Uzbekistan's Contribution to Development of Islamic Civilization’. Retrieved from http://www.jahonnews.uz/eng/presidentaddresses_speeches/to_the_participants_of_conference_uzbekistans_contribution_to_the_development_of_islamic_civilization.mgr
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, I. (2011). Beyond post-Islamism: Transformation of Turkish Islamism toward ‘civil Islam’ and its potential influence in the Muslim World. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 4(1), 245–280.
   Google Scholar
• Zürcher, E. J. (2004). Islam in the service of the national and pre-national state: The instrumentalisation of religion for political goals by Turkish Regimes between 1990 and 1980. In Turkology Update Leiden Project Working Papers Archive, Department of Turkish Studies, Leiden University, 1–5.
   Google Scholar