Genetic tests for ability?: talent identification and the value of an open future

References

• American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting ( 2003 ) Bigger, faster, stronger: genetic enhancement and athletics . Available online at: http://health.ucsd.edu/news/2003/02_18_Friedmann.html (accessed February 2004) .
   Google Scholar
• Australia Law Reforms Commission ( 2001 ) Issues Paper 26 Protection of human genetic information—12. Other services and contexts ( Sydney , Australian Law Reforms Commission ). Available online at: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/alrc/publications/issues/26/ (accessed 3 July 2006) .
   Google Scholar
• Australia Law Reforms Commission ( 2003 ). ALRC 96: Essentially Yours ( Canberra , Commonwealth of Australia ).
   Google Scholar
• Brock , D. 1995 . The non-identity problem and genetic harms—the case of wrongful handicaps . Bioethics , 9 ( 3/4 ) : 18 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Burrows , L. and Wright , J. 2001 . Developing children in New Zealand school physical education . Sport, Education and Society , 6 ( 2 ) : 165 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows , L. and Wright , J. 2004 . “ The discursive production of childhood, identity and health ” . In Body knowledge and control: studies in the sociology of education and physical culture , Edited by: Evans , J. , Davies , B. and Wright , J. 83 – 95 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Coghlan , A. ( 1998 ) Sporty types , New Scientist , 2135 .
   Google Scholar
• David , D. S. 1997 . Genetic dilemmas and the child's right to an open future . Hastings Center Report , 27 ( 2 ) : 7 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Delanty , G. ( 2002 ) Constructivism, sociology and the new genetics , New Genetics and Society , 3 ( 279 – 289 ).
   Google Scholar
• Entine , J. ( 2000 ) Taboo: why black athletes dominate sports and why we're afraid to talk about it ( New York , Public Affairs ).
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. and Davies , B. 2004 . “ Pedagogy, symbolic control, identity and health ” . In Body, knowledge and control , Edited by: Evans , J. , Davies , B. and Wright , J. 3 – 17 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. & Penney , D. ( 2004 ) Levels on the playing field: ability and inclusion in level frameworks in health and physical education , paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education conference , Melbourne , Australia , 28 November –2 December .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. , Rich , E. and Davies , B. 2004 . The emperor's new clothes: fat, thin and overweight. The social fabrication of risk and ill-health . Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , 23 ( 4 ) : 372 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg , J. 1980/92 . The child's right to an open future. freedom and fulfilment: philosophical essays , 76 – 97 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gard , M. and Wright , J. 2005 . The obesity epidemic: science, morality and ideology , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Genetic Technologies Limited ( 2004 ) Your Genetic Sports Advantage™, Version 1A . Available online at: http://www.genetictechnologies.com.au (accessed 24 February 2006) .
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. and Youdell , D. 2001 . “ The new iqism: intelligence, ability and the rationing of education ” . In Sociology of education today , Edited by: Demaine , J. Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Hoberman , J. M. ( 1992 ) Mortal engines: the science of performance and the dehumanization of sport (Reprinted 2001, the Blackburn Press) ( New York , The Free Press ).
   Google Scholar
• Hoberman , J. M. 1997 . Darwin's athletes: how sport has damaged Black America and preserved the myth of race , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , L. 2004 . Bourdieu and the social space of the PE class: reproduction of Doxa through practice . Sport, Education and Society , 9 ( 2 ) : 175 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Olympic Committee ( 2001 ) (Press Release) IOC gene therapy working group—conclusion ( Lausanne , International Olympic Committee , 2001). Available online at: http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/publications/press_uk.asp?release=179 (accessed 6 June 2002) .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , D. ( 2004 ) Athletics, genetic enhancement and ethics ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) Available online at: http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2004/0224athalete.shtml (accessed February 2004) .
   Google Scholar
• Lave , J. and Wenger , E. 1991 . Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S. , Barton , E. R. , Sweeney , H. L. and Farrar , R. P. 2004 . Viral expression of insulin-like growth factor-I enhances muscle hypertrophy in resistance-trained rats . Journal of Applied Physiology , 96 : 1097 – 1104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur , D. G. and North , K. N. 2004 . A gene for speed? The evolution and function of alpha-actinin-3 . BioEssays , 26 ( 7 ) : 786 – 795 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacArthur , D. G. and North , K. N. 2005 . Review article: genes and human elite athletic performance . Human Genetics , 116 ( 5 ) : 331 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miah , A. 2000 . The engineered athlete: human rights in the genetic revolution . Culture, Sport, Society , 3 ( 3 ) : 25 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Miah , A. 2001a . Genetic technologies and sport: the new ethical issue . Journal of the Philosophy of Sport , XXVIII : 32 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miah , A. 2001b . Genetics, privacy, and athletes’ rights . Sports Law Bulletin , 4 ( 5 ) : 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Miah , A. 2004 . Genetically modified athletes: biomedical ethics, gene doping and sport , London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Munthe , C. 2000 . “ Selected champions: making winners in an age of genetic technology ” . In Values in sport: elitism, nationalism, gender equality, and the scientific manufacture of winners , Edited by: Tännsjö , T. and Tamburrini , C. 217 – 231 . London and New York : E & F. N. Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Munthe , C. 2002 . “ Prospects and tensions in the meeting of bioethics and the philosophy of sports: a response to Miah (2002) ” . In Sport technology: history, philosophy and policy , Edited by: Miah , A. and Eassom , S. B. 291 – 299 . Oxford : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Nelkin , D. and Lindee , M. S. 1995 . The DNA mystique: the gene as a cultural icon , New York : W. H. Freeman & Co .
   Google Scholar
• Pitsiladis , Y. and Scott , R. 2005 . The makings of the perfect athlete . The Lancet: Special Supplement on Sport and Medicine , 366 : S16 – S17 .
   Google Scholar
• Pronger , B. 2002 . Body fascism: salvation in the technology of physical fitness , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rich , E. 2006 . Anorexic (dis)connection” . Sociology of Health and Illness , 28 ( 3 ) : 284 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich , E. , Holroyd , R. and Evans , J. 2004 . “ Hungry to be noticed: young women, anorexia and schooling ” . In Body knowledge and control. Studies in the sociology of physical education and health , Edited by: Evans , J. , Davies , B. and Wright , J. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Rich , E. and Evans , J. 2005 . Making sense of eating disorders in schools . Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education , 26 ( 2 ) : 247 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Rankinen , T. , Perusse , L. , Rauramaa , R. , Rivera , M. A. , Wolfarth , B. and Bouchard , C. 2004 . The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2003 update . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 36 : 1451 – 1469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savulescu , J. and Foddy , B. 2005 . Comment: genetic test available for sports performance . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 39 : 472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Science and Technology Select Committee ( 2006 , March 1 ) New inquiry: human enhancement technologies in sport ( London , Select Committee for Science and Technology, British Government ).
   Google Scholar
• St Louis , B. 2003 . Sport, genetics and the ‘natural athlete’: the resurgence of racial science . Body and Society , 9 ( 2 ) : 75 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Tamburrini , C. M. 2002 . “ After doping what? The morality of the genetic engineering of athletes ” . In Sport technology: history, philosophy and policy , Edited by: Miah , A. and Eassom , S. B. 253 – 268 . Oxford : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Tymowski , G. 2001 . Children and sport: ‘catching ‘em young’ . SensAbilities , 6 ( 1 ) : 10 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Tymowski , G. ( 2002 ) Rights and wrongs: a philosophical consideration of children's participation in elite sport . Ph.D. thesis 238, Faculty of Environment and Leisure , University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( 1997 ) Universal declaration on the human genome and human rights . Available online at: http://portal.unesco.org/ (accessed 22 April 2006) .
   Google Scholar
• United States President's Council on Bioethics ( 2002a ) Session 4: Enhancement 2: Potential for genetic enhancements in sports ( Washington, D.C , The President's Council on Bioethics ). Available online at: http://www.bioethics.gov/200207/session4.html (accessed August 2002) .
   Google Scholar
• United States President's Council on Bioethics ( 2002b ) Sixth meeting: Session 7: Enhancement 5: Genetic enhancement of muscle ( Washington, D.C , The President's Council on Bioethics ). Available online at: http://www.bioethics.gov/transcripts/sep02/session7.html (accessed January 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• Wenger , E. 1998 . Communities of practice. Learning meaning and identity , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weisbrot , D. 2003 . The Australian joint inquiry into the protection of human genetic information . New Genetics and Society , 22 ( 1 ) : 89 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency ( 2002 ) (Press Release) WADA Conference sheds light on the potential of gene doping ( New York , World Anti-Doping Agency ). Available online at: http://www.wada-ama.org (accessed July 2002) .
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency ( 2003 ) International standard for the prohibited list 2004 . Available online at: http://www.wada-ama.org/docs/web/standards_harmonization/code/list_standard_2004.pdf (accessed February 2004) .
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency ( 2005 ) The Stockholm Declaration ( World Anti-Doping agency ).
   Google Scholar
• Yang , N. MacArthur , D. G. 2003 . ACTN3 Genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance . American Journal of Human Genetics , 73 : 627 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar