Typologies and Basic Descriptors of New Zealand Residential Urban Forms

References

• Alberti , M. and Waddle , P. 2000 . An integrated urban development and ecological simulation model . Integrated Assessment , 1 ( 3 ) : 215 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• American Forests (2008) Available at http://www.americanforests.org/resources/urbanforests/ (accessed 7 May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , W. P. , Kanaroglou , P. S. and Miller , E. J. 1996 . Urban form, energy, and the environment: a review of issues, evidence and policy . Urban Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 7 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt , R. 2004 . Linked landscapes creating greenway corridors through conservation subdivision design strategies in the northeastern and central United States . Landscape and Urban Planning , 68 ( 2–3 ) : 241 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auckland City Council . 1999a . Part 7: Residential activity, City of Auckland . District Plan, Isthmus Section, Operative , : A11 – A18 .
   Google Scholar
• Auckland City Council (1999b) Maps, District Plan, Isthmus Section, Operative
   Google Scholar
• Auckland Regional Council (ARC) . 2000 . Urban Area Intensification: Regional Practice and Resource Guide Auckland, New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Auckland Regional Council (ARC) (2003) Housing poster, Available at http://www.arc.govt.nz/auckland-region/growth/reference-section/growth-forum-publications/housing-reports.cfm (accessed 9 May 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering . 1997 . Urban Air Pollution in Australia Parkville, Victoria: Australia Commonwealth Government) Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/urban-air/pubs/urban.pdf (accessed 21 April 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Australian Greenhouse Office . 2003 . Renewable Energy Commercialisation in Australia , Canberra : Australian Greenhouse Office .
   Google Scholar
• BCSE (Australian Business Council for Sustainable Energy) (2008) Electricity from the Sun: Solar PV Systems Explained. Available at http://www.bcse.org.au/docs/STA/Standards/Solar%20Electricity%20from%20the%20sun.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bertolini , L. , Clercq , F. and Kapoen , L. 2005 . Sustainable accessibility: a conceptual framework to integrate transport and land use plan-making. Two test-applications in the Netherlands and a reflection on the way forward . Transport Policy , 12 ( 3 ) : 207 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Building Research Establishment Ltd (BRE), UK (2008) BREEM. Available at: http://www.breeam.org/ (accessed 9 April 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. (2001) Three Models of Urban Land Use. Available at http://www.uncc.edu/hscampbe/landuse/b-models/B-3mods.html (accessed 22 June 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Centre of Design, RMIT (2006) Life Cycle Assessment. Available at http://www.cfd.rmit.edu.au/programs/life_cycle_assessment (accessed 8 March 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Commonwealth of Australia (2005) Chapter 7: Building Design and Management, Sustainable Cities. Available at http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/environ/cities/report/chapter7.pdf (accessed 9 November 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the US Green Building Council (USGBC) . 2005 . “ LEED-ND ” . In LEED for Neighborhood Developments Rating System: Preliminary Draft September 6, 2005 , USA : USGBC .
   Google Scholar
• Dalal-Clayton , B. , Bass , S. and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) . 2002 . Sustainable Development Strategies: A Resource Book , UK : OECD Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Communities and Local Government . 2006 . Code for Sustainable Homes: A Step-Change in Sustainable Home Building Practice , London : DCLG .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , J. and Dupuis , A. 2003 . Urban intensification in Auckland New Zealand: a challenge for New Urbanism . Housing Studies , 18 ( 3 ) : 353 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duany , A. 2005 . “ Curbing sprawl with a code ” . In Smart Code 6.5 , 1 – 24 . Miami, FL : The Town Paper .
   Google Scholar
• Earthsong Eco-Neighbourhood (2006) Earthsong. Available at http://www.earthsong.org.nz (accessed 29 September 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Eason , C. , Dixon , J. and van Roon , M. 2005 . “ A transdisciplinary research approach providing a platform for improved urban design, quality of life and bio diverse urban ecosystems ” . In The Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach , Edited by: McDonnell , M. J. , Breuste , J. and Hahs , A. K. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) (2008) Cityform, Available at http://www.city-form.com/pdfs/CityForm_Info_Sheet.pdf (accessed 8 March 2008)
   Google Scholar
• European Environment Agency . 2006 . Urban Sprawl in Europe: The Ignored Challenge , Copenhagen : European Commission Joint Research Centre . EEA Report No 10/2006
   Google Scholar
• Galster , G. , Hanson , R. , Ratcliffe , M. R. , Wolman , H. , Coleman , S. and Freihage , J. 2001 . Wrestling sprawl to the ground: defining and measuring an elusive concept . Housing Policy Debate , 12 ( 4 ) : 681 – 717 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. (2004) Simple sustainability indicators for residential areas of Auckland, New Zealand, PhD Thesis, School of Architecture, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. (2007) An Urban Taxonomy for New Zealand, ‘Learning Sustainability’ (FRST Project NZ): Draft Technical Report, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. and Vale , R. J. D. 2006a . “ Settlement form and environmental performance ” . In Proceedings of World Conference on Accelerating Excellence in the Built Environment (WCAEBE) Birmingham, UK 2–4 October
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. and Vale , R. J. D. 2006b . The potential for solar energy use in a New Zealand residential neighbourhood: a case study considering the effect on CO2 emissions and the possible benefits of changing roof form . Australasian Journal of Environmental Management (AJEM) , 13 ( 4 ) : 216 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. & Vale, R. J. D. (2007) Is policy leading to improved sustainability at the local urban scale? International Conference on Sustainability Engineering and Science (NZSSES)—Talking and Walking Sustainability, Auckland, New Zealand, 20–23 February
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. , Vale , R. J. D. and Vale , B. A. 2006a . Indications from sustainability indicators . Journal of Urban Design , 11 ( 2 ) : 263 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. , Vale , R. J. D. and Vale , B. A. 2006b . Domestic energy sustainability of different urban residential patterns: a New Zealand approach . International Journal of Sustainable Development , 9 ( 1 ) : 16 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. , Vale , R. J. D. and Vale , B. A. 2007 . Metrics of local environmental sustainability—a case study of Auckland, New Zealand . Local Environment , 12 ( 4 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, M. (2005) Sustainability of Land Use and Transport in Outer Neighbourhoods (SOLUTIONS): a proposed appraisal framework, EPSRC SOLUTIONS Conference, Cambridge, UK, December, p. 2005
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, R. (2006) Applying CO2 reduction strategies to existing UK dwellings using GIS-based modelling: a case study in Oxford. Sixty-second summary, FiBRE, RICS journal. Available at http://www.brookes.ac.uk/business_employers/technologies/decorum/fibre.pdf (accessed 28 March 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Guy , S. and Marvin , S. 1999 . Understanding sustainable cities: competing urban futures . European Urban and Regional Studies , 6 ( 3 ) : 268 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasse , D. and Nuissl , H. 2007 . Does urban sprawl drive changes in water balance and policy? The case of Leipzig (Germany) 1870–2003 . Landscape and Urban Planning , 80 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, N. & Desai, P. (2003) Study into the Development of Sustainability Rating for Homes. Advisory Committee on Consumer Products and the Environment, Final Report (Surrey, UK: Bio Regional Development Group)
   Google Scholar
• Jenks , M. and Dempsey , N. 2005 . “ The language and meaning of density ” . In Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities , Edited by: Jenks , M. and Dempsey . 287 – 309 . Oxford : Architectural Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jenks , M. , Williams , K. and Burton , E. 1996 . “ A question of sustainable urban form: conclusion ” . In The Compact City—A Sustainable Urban Form? , Edited by: Jenks , M. , Burton , E. and Williams , K. London : E. & F.N. Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Knaap, G. J., Song, Y., Ewing, R. & Clifton, K. (2005) Seeing the Elephant: Multi-disciplinary Measures of Urban Sprawl. Available at http://www.smartgrowth.umd.edu/research/pdf/ KnaapSongEwingEtAl_Elephant_022305.pdf (accessed 10 June 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Kogarah Council (2007) Kogarah Town Square Redevelopment. Available at http://www.kogarah.nsw.gov.au/www/html/918-kogarah-town-square-re-development-.asp (accessed 5 May 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Marling , G. , Knudstrup , M. A. and Vareum , N. 1999 . Indicators on Urban Environment , Aalborg : Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University and Danish Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• MfE (Ministry for the Environment) (1997) State of New Zealand's Environment- Chapter One: Introduction. Available at: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/ser1997/chapter1.pdf (accessed 8 May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• MfE . 2003 . Sustainable Development for New Zealand: Programme of Action , Wellington : MfE .
   Google Scholar
• MfE . 2005a . New Zealand Urban Design Protocol , Wellington : MfE .
   Google Scholar
• MfE . 2005b . New Zealand Urban Design Protocol: Urban Design Case Studies , Wellington : MfE .
   Google Scholar
• MfE . 2005c . The Value of Urban Design. The Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Urban Design , Wellington : MfE .
   Google Scholar
• MfE . 2007 . Urban Design Case Study: Addison Housing Development , Wellington : MfE .
   Google Scholar
• Moriarty , P. 2002 . Environmental sustainability of large Australian cities . Urban Policy and Research , 20 ( 3 ) : 233 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Nassauer , J. 2004 . Monitoring the success of metropolitan wetland restorations: cultural sustainability and ecological function . Wetlands , 24 ( 4 ) : 756 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New South Wales (NSW) Government (2008) BASIX Fact Sheet, Available at http://www.basix.nsw.gov.au/information/common/pdf/basix_fact_sheet.pdf (accessed 9 April 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Newton , P. 1997 . Re-shaping cities for a more sustainable future: exploring the link between urban form, air quality, energy and greenhouse gas emissions , Edited by: Newton , P. W. Melbourne : Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute . Research monograph no. 6
   Google Scholar
• Norberg-Hodge, H. (2004) Environmental benefits of local food production, 6 July, Byron Shire Echo. Available at http://www.echo.net.au/archives/19_07/pdf/p16.pdf (accessed 30 October 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Office of Housing (2007) K2 Apartments. State Government of Victoria, Australia, Department of Human Services. Available at http://hnb.dhs.vic.gov.au/ (accessed 24 April 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2007) OECD Environmental Performance Review of New Zealand: Conclusions and Recommendations. Available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/6/37915514.pdf (accessed 8 May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Opus international Consultants Ltd., Landcare Research and The University of Auckland (2006) Learning Sustainability, funded by Foundation of Research, Science and Technology (FRST). Available at http://www.frst.govt.nz/database/CD05/html/reports/opsx0303.html (accessed 30 November 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Oxford University Press . 2005 . “ Taxonomy ” . In Compact Oxford Dictionary Oxford
   Google Scholar
• Pandey , S. , Nagels , P. and Vale , R. 2005 . “ Low impact systems for neighbourhood developments for stormwater management ” . In Proceedings of the 4th South Pacific Conference in Storm Water Management and Aquatic Resource Protection NZ Water and Wastes Association, 4–6 May 2005 (Auckland, New Zealand)
   Google Scholar
• Parliamentary Counsel Office (2007) Local Government Act, 2002. Available at http://www.legislation.govt.nz/browse_vw.asp?content-set = pal_statutes (accessed 26 January 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , D. and Barbier , E. 2000 . Blueprint of Sustainable Economy , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Regional Growth Forum (RGF) . 1999 . Auckland Regional Growth Strategy: 2050 , Auckland : RGF .
   Google Scholar
• Rodrique, J. P. (2008) Urban Land Use and Transportation. Available at http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/ch6c2en.html (accessed 21 April 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Statistics, New Zealand (2001) Auckland Region Community Profile, Sub-national Population Estimates, Table 3 and 2001-definitions, New Zealand Census of Population and Dwelling 2001. Available at http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/ and http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/ (accessed 12 April 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand (2005) Urban and Rural Profile, New Zealand Census of Population and Dwelling 2001. Available at http://www.stats.govt.nz/urban-rural-profiles/ (accessed 12 April 2005)
   Google Scholar
• SEDA (Sustainable Energy Development Authority) (2007) Guidelines for Residential Subdivision in NSW, Sydney, NSW. Available at http://www.energysmart.com.au/brochures/Solar_Access_for_Lots_Guide.pdf (accessed 16 December 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand . 1991 . Census of Population Dwelling , Wellington : Statistics New Zealand .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand . 1996 . Census of Population Dwelling , Wellington : Statistics New Zealand .
   Google Scholar
• Sustainability Victoria (2005) Sustainability in Action: Towards Zero Waste Strategy. Available at http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Towards_Zero_Waste_Strategy_(Sep_05)2.pdf (accessed 2 March 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Tsai , Y. H. 2005 . Quantifying urban form: compactness versus ‘sprawl’ . Urban Studies , 42 ( 1 ) : 141 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Cambridge et al. (2008) SOLUTIONS, Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) funded. Available at http://www.suburbansolutions.ac.uk/method.aspx (accessed 8 March 2008)
   Google Scholar
• USGBC (US Green Building Council) (2008) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System™. Available at http://www.usgbc.org/ (accessed 14 March 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Vale, R. & Dixon, J. (2005) The battle for hearts and minds: sustainable design and sustainable behaviour. Paper presented at Urbanism Down Under Conference, 18–20 August 2005, Wellington, New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Vale, R. J. D. & Ghosh, S. (2006) Water, water, everywhere…. Quantifying possible domestic water demand savings through the use of rainwater collection from residential roofs in Auckland, New Zealand. Paper presented at the Urban Drainage Modeling and Water Sensitive Urban Design conference, 3–7 April, Melbourne, Australia
   Google Scholar
• Vale , B. and Vale , R. 2000 . The New Autonomous House , London : Thames & Hudson .
   Google Scholar
• Wackernagel , M. and Rees , W. 1996 . Our Ecological Footprint, Reducing Human Impact on Earth , Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Waitakere City Council and the Ministry for the Environment (MfE) (2008) Tool for Urban Sustainability—Code of Practice (TUSC). Available at http://www.tusc.org.nz/index.cfm/tusc_tools/ (accessed 12 April 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Waitakere City Council (2003) District Plan Guidelines: Human Environments, Waitakere City Council Operative District Plan 2003. Available at http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCnl/pp/districtplan/infosheets.asp#1 (accessed 12 September 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Wegener , M. 1986 . Transport network equilibrium and regional de concentration . Environment and Planning A , 18 : 437 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , K. , Burton , E. and Jenks , M. 2000 . “ Achieving sustainable urban form ” . In Achieving Sustainable Urban Form , Edited by: Williams , K. , Burton , E. and Jenks , M. London : E and FN Spon .
   Google Scholar