Handedness, sexual orientation, and somatic markers for prenatal androgens: Are southpaws really that gay?

References

• Arnold, A. P. (2004). Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 701–708. doi:10.1038/nrn1494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balthazart, J. (2011). Mini-review: Hormones and human sexual orientation. Endocrinology, 152, 2937–2947. doi:10.1210/en.2011-0277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, M., Manning, J., Cook, C., & Kilduff, L. (2010). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and performance in elite rugby players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 1415–1421. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.510143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, R. (2008). Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men. Laterality, 13, 51–70. doi:10.1080/13576500701710432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert, A. F. (2007). Extreme right-handedness, older brothers, and sexual orientation in men. Neuropsychology, 21, 141–148. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert, A. F., & Hershberger, S. (1999). The relation between sexual orientation and penile size. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 213–221. doi:10.1023/A:1018780108597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, W. M., Finn, C. J., & Breedlove, S. M. (2002). Sexual dimorphism in digit-length ratios of laboratory mice. Anatomical Record, 267, 231–234. doi:10.1002/ar.10108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen-Bendahan, C. C., Buitelaar, J. K., van Goozen, S. H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2004). Prenatal exposure to testosterone and functional cerebral lateralization: A study in same-sex and opposite-sex twin girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 911–916. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danborno, B., Adebisi, S., Adelaiye, A., & Ojo, S. (2010). Relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and birth weight in Nigerians. Anthropologist, 12, 127–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, W., & Wilkinson, L. S. (2006). It is not all hormones: Alternative explanations for sexual differentiation of the brain. Brain Research, 1126, 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPrete, T. A., & Buchmann, C. (2006). Gender-specific trends in the value of education and the emerging gender gap in college completion. Demography, 43, 1–24. doi: 10.1353/dem.2006.0003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorius, S. F., & Firebaugh, G. (2010). Trends in global gender inequality. Social Forces, 88, 1941–1968. doi: 10.1353/sof.2010.0040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, L., & Ames, M. A. (1987). Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 233–258. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.233
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, L., & Cole-Harding, S. (2001). The effects of prenatal stress, and of prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure, on human sexual orientation. Physiology & Behavior, 74, 213–226. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00564-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, L., Hershberger, S., Field, E., Wersinger, S., Pellis, S., Geary, D., Palmer, C., Hoyenga, K., Hetsroni, A., & Karadi, K. (2008). Sex differences: Summarizing more than a century of scientific research. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Finer, L. B., & Henshaw, S. K. (2006). Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38, 90–96. doi:10.1363/3809006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, B., Neave, N., & Manning, J. (2003). Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ratio: Their relationships in heterosexual men and women. Annals of Human Biology, 30, 728–738. doi:10.1080/03014460310001620153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, B., Thanzami, V., Seydel, H., & Manning, J. T. (2006). Digit ratio and hand-grip strength in German and Mizos men: Cross-cultural evidence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 776–782. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giffin, N. A., Kennedy, R. M., Jones, M. E., & Barber, C. A. (2012). Varsity athletes have lower 2D:4D ratios than other university students. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30, 135–138. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.630744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillam, L., McDonald, R., Ebling, F., & Mayhew, T. (2008). Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) finger lengths and ratios: Cross-sectional data on linear growth patterns, sexual dimorphism and lateral asymmetry from 4 to 60 years of age. Journal of Anatomy, 213, 325–335. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00940.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimbos, T., Dawood, K., Burriss, R. P., Zucker, K. J., & Puts, D. A. (2010). Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: A meta-analysis in men and women. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124, 278–287. doi:10.1037/a0018764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halil, M., Gurel, E. I., Kuyumcu, M. E., Karaismailoglu, S., Yesil, Y., Ozturk, Z. A., … Arıogul, S. (2013). Digit (2D:4D) ratio is associated with muscle mass (MM) and strength (MS) in older adults: Possible effect of in utero androgen exposure. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 56, 358–363. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampson, E., Ellis, C. L., & Tenk, C. M. (2008). On the relation between 2D:4D and sex-dimorphic personality traits. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 133–144. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9263-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hell, B., & Päßler, K. (2011). Are occupational interests hormonally influenced? The 2D:4D-interest nexus. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 376–380. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hone, L. S., & McCullough, M. E. (2012). 2D:4D ratios predict hand grip strength (but not hand grip endurance) in men (but not in women). Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 780–789. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hönekopp, J. (2011). Relationships between digit ratio 2D:4D and self-reported aggression and risk taking in an online study. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 77–80. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hönekopp, J., & Schuster, M. (2010). A meta-analysis on 2D:4D and athletic prowess: Substantial relationships but neither hand out-predicts the other. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 4–10. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hönekopp, J., & Watson, S. (2010). Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand. American Journal of Human Biology, 22, 619–630. doi:10.1002/ajhb.21054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, B. (1992). Birth in four cultures: A cross-cultural investigation of childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kemper, C. J., & Schwerdtfeger, A. (2009). Comparing indirect methods of digit ratio (2D:4D) measurement. American Journal of Human Biology, 21, 188–191. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura, D. (1996). Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6, 259–263. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80081-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishida, M., & Rahman, Q. (2015). Fraternal birth order and extreme right-handedness as predictors of sexual orientation and gender nonconformity in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1493–1501. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0474-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimek, M., Galbarczyk, A., Nenko, I., Alvarado, L. C., & Jasienska, G. (2014). Digit ratio (2D:4D) as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males. Annals of human biology, 41, 518–523. doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.902993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalumiere, M. L., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 575–592. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leete, R., & Tan, B. (1993). Contrasting fertility trends among ethnic groups in Malaysia. In R. Leete and I. Alam (Eds.), The revolution in Asian fertility: Dimensions, causes, and implications (pp. 128–147). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lippa, R. A. (2003). Handedness, sexual orientation, and gender-related personality traits in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 103–114. doi:10.1023/A:1022444223812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lust, J. M., Geuze, R. H., Van de Beek, C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Bouma, A., & Groothuis, T. G. (2011). Differential effects of prenatal testosterone on lateralization of handedness and language. Neuropsychology, 25, 581–589. doi:10.1037/a0023293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R., & Manning, J. T. (2004). 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early Human Development, 77, 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, J. T., Morris, L., & Caswell, N. (2007). Endurance running and digit ratio (2D:4D): Implications for fetal testosterone effects on running speed and vascular health. American Journal of Human Biology, 19, 416–421. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, J. T., Scutt, D., Wilson, J., & Lewis-Jones, D. I. (1998). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Human Reproduction, 13, 3000–3004. doi:10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, J. T., & Taylor, R. P. (2001). Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: Implications for sexual selection in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 61–69. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00063-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, G. A., Fane, B. A., Pasterski, V. L., Conway, G. S., Brook, C., & Hines, M. (2004). Androgenic influences on neural asymmetry: Handedness and language lateralization in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 810–822. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00145-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, M. M., & Arnold, A. P. (2011). Reframing sexual differentiation of the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 677–683. doi:10.1038/nn.2834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden, D., Loehlin, J. C., Breedlove, S. M., Lippa, R. A., Manning, J. T., & Rahman, Q. (2005). A reanalysis of five studies on sexual orientation and the relative length of the 2nd and 4th fingers (the 2D:4D ratio). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 341–356. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-3123-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S. S., Hoffmann, H. L., & Mustanski, B. S. (2008). Fluctuating asymmetry and sexual orientation in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 150–157. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9256-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nass, R., Baker, S., Speiser, P., Virdis, R., Balsamo, A., Cacciari, E., … New, M. (1987). Hormones and handedness: Left-hand bias in female congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients. Neurology, 37, 711–715. doi: 10.1212/WNL.37.4.711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notelovitz, M. (2002). Androgen effects on bone and muscle. Fertility and Sterility, 77, S34–S41. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)02968-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ökten, A., Kalyoncu, M., & Yariş, N. (2002). The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Early Human Development, 70, 47–54. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00073-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, S. N., Kato, B. S., Cherkas, L. F., Andrew, T., & Spector, T. D. (2006). Heritability of the second to fourth digit ratio (2d:4d): A twin study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 9, 215–219. doi:10.1375/twin.9.2.215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfannkuche, K. A., Bouma, A., & Groothuis, T. G. (2009). Does testosterone affect lateralization of brain and behaviour? A meta-analysis in humans and other animal species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1519), 929–942. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokrywka, L., Rachoń, D., Suchecka-Rachoń, K., & Bitel, L. (2005). The second to fourth digit ratio in elite and non-elite female athletes. American Journal of Human Biology, 17, 796–800. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz, D. A., Gaulin, S. J., Sporter, R. J., & McBurney, D. H. (2004). Sex hormones and finger length: What does 2D:4D indicate? Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 182–199. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, Q. (2005). The neurodevelopment of human sexual orientation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 1057–1066. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, Q., Clarke, K., & Morera, T. (2009). Hair whorl direction and sexual orientation in human males. Behavioral Neuroscience, 123, 252–256. doi:10.1037/a0014816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, G., Kim, R. M., Kolundzija, A. B., Rieger, G., & Sanders, A. R. (2010). Biodemographic and physical correlates of sexual orientation in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 93–109. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9499-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storms, M. D. (1980). Theories of sexual orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 783–792. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivers, R., Manning, J., & Jacobson, A. (2006). A longitudinal study of digit ratio (2D:4D) and other finger ratios in Jamaican children. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 150–156. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.05.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi, H., Li, M., Fan, Y., & Zhao, L. (2014). A comparison of measurement methods and sexual dimorphism for digit ratio (2D:4D) in Han ethnicity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 329–333. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0179-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaakob, U. H. (2006). The Malaysian census 2000: Characteristics and critical issues. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 79, 27–42.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Z., & Cohn, M. J. (2011). Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios. Procedings of the National Academy of the Sciences, 108, 16289–16294. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108312108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Žofková, I. (2008). Hormonal aspects of the muscle-bone unit. Physiological Research, 57, S159–S169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar