Competition unleashed: horizontal differentiation in German higher education

References

• Aaker, D. A. (1996). Building strong brands. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aaker, D. A., & Joachimsthaler, E. (2000). Brand leadership. London: Pocket.
   Google Scholar
• Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V., & Day, G. S. (2007). Marketing research (9th ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34, 347–356.10.2307/3151897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaker, J. L., Benet-Martínez, V., & Garolera, J. (2001). Consumption symbols as carriers of culture: A study of Japanese and Spanish brand personality constucts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 492–508.10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, J., & Eveland, V. (2007). Marketing online degree programs: How do traditional-residential programs compete? Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 17, 67–90.10.1300/J050v17n01_06
   Google Scholar
• Austin, J. R., Siguaw, J. A., & Mattila, A. S. (2003). A re-examination of the generalizability of the Aaker brand personality measurement framework. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 11, 77–92.10.1080/0965254032000104469
   Google Scholar
• Azoulay, A., & Kapferer, J. N. (2003). Do brand personality scales really measure brand personality? Journal of Brand Management, 11, 143–155.10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540162
   Google Scholar
• Balmer, J. M. T. (2001). Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate marketing – Seeing through the fog. European Journal of Marketing, 35, 248–291.10.1108/03090560110694763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batra, R., Lenk, P., & Wedel, M. (2010). Brand extension strategy planning: Empirical estimation of brand-category personality fit and atypicality. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 335–347.10.1509/jmkr.47.2.335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, H. H., Mäder, R., & Wagner, S.-N. (2006). Uebereinstimmung von Marken- und Konsumentenpersoenlichkeit als Determinante des Kaufverhaltens - eine Metaanalyse der Selbstkongruenzforschung [Congruence of brand personality and consumer personality – A meta-analysis]. Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung, 58, 838–863.10.1007/BF03371684
   Google Scholar
• Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139–168.10.1086/jcr.1988.15.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendixen, M. (2003). A practical guide to the use of correspondence analysis in marketing research. Marketing Bulletin, 14(2), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Bevelander, D. L., Page, M. J., Pitt, L. F., & Parent, M. (2015). On a mission: Achieving distinction as a business school. South African Journal of Business Management, 46, 29–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, R. (2000). Management fads in higher education: Where they come from, what they do, why they fail. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• BMBF. (Ed.). (1999). Framework act for higher education. Retrieved November 5, 2013, from http://www.bmbf.de/en/655.php
   Google Scholar
• Bosnjak, M., Bochmann, V., & Hufschmidt, T. (2007). Dimensions of brand personality attributions: A person-centric aproach in the German cultural context. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 35, 303–316.10.2224/sbp.2007.35.3.303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromage, A. (2006). The management of planned change: An interdisciplinary perspective. In L. Hunt, A. Bromage, & B. Tomkinson (Eds.), The realities of change in higher education: Interventions to promote learning and teaching (pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Calori, R., & Ardisson, J. M. (1988). Differentiation strategies in ‘stalemate industries’. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 255–269.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlin, E. (1950). The theory of monopolistic competition: A re-orientation of the theory value (6th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chapleo, C., Durán, M. V. C., & Díaz, A. C. (2011). Do UK universities communicate their brands effectively through their websites? Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 21, 25–46.10.1080/08841241.2011.569589
   Google Scholar
• Chiang, I. P., Lin, C. Y., & Wang, K. M. (2008). Building online brand perceptual map. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 607–610.10.1089/cpb.2007.0182
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chun, R., & Davies, G. (2001). E-reputation: The role of mission and vision statements in positioning strategy. Journal of Brand Management, 8(4), 315–333.10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540031
   Google Scholar
• De Rooij, E. (1996). A brief desk research study into the average life expectancy of companies in a number of countries. Amsterdam: Stratix Consulting Group.
   Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D. L. (1999). To be different, or to be the same? It’s a question (and theory) of strategic balance. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 147–166.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas, M., Russo, M. V., & Montes-Sancho, M. J. (2007). Deregulation and environmental differentiation in the electric utility industry. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 189–209.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmidt, S., & Heene, A. (Eds.). (2006). Mission statements: In search for ameliorated performance through organisation – Employee value congruence. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http://www.law.kuleuven.be/linc/integriteit/EGPA/previous%20egpa%20conferences/lisbon%202003/Desmidt.pdf
   Google Scholar
• DFG, German Research Foundation. (Ed.). (2013). Excellence initiative. Retrieved November 5, 2013, from http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/programmes/excellence_initiative/
   Google Scholar
• Durian, V. J., & Reger, R. K. (2004). Choice of text analysis software in organization research: Insight from a multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. In G. Prunelle, C. Fairon, & A. Dister (Eds.), Le poids des mots: Actes des 7es Journées internationales d`Analyse Statistique des Données Textuelles [The weight of words: Proceedings of the 7th international days of text data analysis] (pp. 382–389). Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
   Google Scholar
• Esch, F.-R., Tomczak, T., Kernstock, J., & Langer, T. (2006). Corporate Brand Management: Marken als Anker strategischer Fuehrung von Unternehmen [Corporate brand management: brands as an anchor of strategic managent] (9th ed.). Wiesbaden: Gabler.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, M., Hall, T. K., & Bennett, G. (2008). Exploring brand positioning in a sponsorship context: A correspondence analysis of the dew action sports tour. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 734–761.10.1123/jsm.22.6.734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, R. N., & Kaplan, S. (2001). Creative destruction: Why companies that are built to last underperform the market and how to successfully transform them. New York, NY: Currency.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, B. B., & Levy, S. J. (1955). The product and the brand. Harvard Business Review, 33, 33–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore, G. W. (1919). Animism. Boston, MA: Marshall Jones.
   Google Scholar
• Greenacre, M. J. (1994). Correspondence analysis and its interpretation. In M. J. Greenacre (Ed.), Correspondence analysis in the social sciences: Recent developments and applications (pp. 3–22). London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. S., & Lindzey, G. (1957). Theories of personality. New York, NY: Wiley.10.1037/10910-000
   Google Scholar
• Higgs, N. T. (1991). Practical and innovative uses of correspondence analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician), 40, 183–194.
   Google Scholar
• Hull, C. E., & Rothenberg, S. (2008). Firm performance: The interactions of corporate social performance with innovation and industry differentiation. Strategic Management Journal, 29, 781–789.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22.10.2307/1252054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosmützky, A. (2012). Between mission and market position: Empirical findings on mission statements of German higher education institutions. Tertiary Education and Management, 18, 57–77.10.1080/13583883.2011.617466
   Google Scholar
• Lebart, L. (1994). Complementary use of correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. In M. J. Greenacre (Ed.), Correspondence analysis in the social sciences: Recent developments and applications (pp. 162–178). London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lecky, P., Taylor, J. F., & Thorne, F. C. (1969). Self-consistency: A theory of personality (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Levitt, T. (1980). Marketing success through differentiation – Of anything. Harvard Business Review, 58, 83–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeder, R. (2005). Messung und Steuerung von Markenpersoenlichkeit: Entwicklung eines Messinstruments und Anwendung in der Werbung mit prominenten Testimonials [Measuring and controling brand personality: Development of a measure, and an application to advertisement with testimonials]. Wiesbaden: Dt. Univ.-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Makadok, R., & Ross, D. G. (2013). Taking industry structuring seriously: A strategic perspective on product differentiation. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 509–532.10.1002/smj.2013.34.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall, W. (1911). Body and mind: A history and defense of animism. NewYork, NY: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Opoku, R. A. (2006). Towards a methodological design for evaluating online brand positioning ( Dissertation). Department of Business Administration and Social Science, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Opoku, R. A., Abratt, R., Bendixen, M., & Pitt, L. (2007). Communicating brand personality: Are the web sites doing the talking for food SMEs? Qualitative Marketing Research: An International Journal, 10, 362–374.
   Google Scholar
• Opoku, R. A., Hultman, M., & Saheli-Sangari, E. (2008). Positioning in market space: The evaluation of Swedish universities’ online brand personalities. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 18, 124–144.10.1080/08841240802100386
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. A., & David, F. (1987). Corporate mission statements: The bottom line. Academy of Management Executive, 1, 109–115.10.5465/AME.1987.4275821
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74, 61–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, I. (1971). Self-concept and brand preference. The Journal of Business, 44, 38–50.10.1086/jb.1971.44.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, J. C., Broberg, J. C., Cogliser, C. C., & Brigham, K. H. (2010). Construct validation using computer-aided text analysis (CATA): An illustration using entrepreneurial orientation. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 320–347.10.1177/1094428109335949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirgy, M. J. (1986). Self-congruity: Toward a theory of personality and cybernetics. New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Umashankar, V., & Dutta, K. (2007). Balanced scorecard in managing higher education institutions: An Indian perspective. International Journal of Educational Management, 12, 54–67.
   Google Scholar
• University of Music Detmold. (Ed.). (2003). Unser Leitbild [Our Mission]. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http://www.hfm-detmold.de/en/portrait/reputationen/leitbild
   Google Scholar
• Wæraas, A., & Solbakk, M. N. (2009). Defining the essence of a university: Lessons from higher education branding. Higher Education, 57, 449–462.10.1007/s10734-008-9155-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, G., Suess, D., & Bircher, M. (2006). Die Markenpersoenlichkeit als psychologischer Faktor der Markenwirkung: Ueberpruefung des Markenpersoenlichkeitsinventars nach Maeder mittels konfirmatorischer Faktoranalyse [Brand personality as a psychological factor: a review of Maeder's brand personality scale via confirmatory factor analysis]. Zurich: Forschungsbericht der Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie.
   Google Scholar
• Whitlark, D. B., & Smith, S. M. (2001). Using correspondence analysis to map relationships. Marketing Research, Autumn, 22–27.
   Google Scholar
• Wissenschaftsrat. (2010). Empfehlungen zur Differenzierung von Hochschulen [Proposals for a differentiation of higher education institutions]. Luebeck.
   Google Scholar
• Zajac, E. J., & Kraatz, M. S. (1993). A diametric forces model of strategic change: Assessing the antecedents and consequences of restructuring in the higher education industry. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 83–102.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar