References
- Abramowicz , W. and Wierzbicki , T. 1989 . Axial crushing of multi-corner sheet metal columns . J. Appl. Mech. , 56 ( 1 ) : 113 – 120 . doi: 10.1115/1.3176030
- Alghamdi , A. A.A. 2001 . Collapsible impact energy absorbers: An overview . Thin Wall. Struct. , 39 : 189 – 213. . doi: 10.1016/S0263-8231(00)00048-3
- Alghamdi , A. A.A. 2010 . Smart frictional impact energy absorber . Int. J. Crashworthiness , 5 ( 2 ) : 169 – 178 . doi: 10.1533/cras.2000.0132
- CEN . 2008 . Railway applications: Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies . EN 15227
- Colloca , M. , Dorogokupets , G. , Gupta , N. and Porfiri , M. 2012 . Mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of closed-cell PVC foams . Int. J. Crashworthiness , 17 ( 3 ) : 327 – 336. . doi: 10.1080/13588265.2012.661637
- Deb , A. , Lakshmanan , P. , Chirwa , C. and Nowpada , S. 2012 . Energy absorption behaviours of CSM-based GFRC plates with hemispherical features . Int. J. Crashworthiness , 17 ( 3 ) : 283 – 294. . doi: 10.1080/13588265.2011.650533
- Ghamarian , Ali and Zarei , Hamidreza . 2012 . Crashworthiness investigation of conical and cylindrical end-capped tubes under quasi-static crash loading . Int. J. Crashworthiness , 17 ( 1 ) : 19 – 28. . doi: 10.1080/13588265.2011.623025
- Godin , M. , Gielczinski , G. , Langlet , J. M. , Boneill , C. and Guilloteaue , I. 2003 . Rail vehicle having a driver's cab provided with an energy-absorbing structure adapted to cope with a collision above the frame of the vehicle . United States Patent
- Grasso , M. , Ingleton , S. , O’Neill , C. , Carruthers , J. and Penta , F. Design and analysis of lightweight energy absorbers for a rail vehicle cab . NAFEMS World Congress , Crete , , Greece
- Hayduk , R. J. and Wierzbicki , T. 1984 . Extensional collapse modes of structural members . Comput. Struct. , 18 ( 3 ) : 447 – 458. . doi: 10.1016/0045-7949(84)90065-8
- Heinisch , A. , Jade , E. and Rieneck , F. 2002 . Energy-absorbing device for the end of rail vehicles . United States Patent
- Hosseini-Tehrani , P. and Bayat , V. 2011 . Study on crashworthiness of wagon's frame under frontal impact . Int. J. Crashworthiness , 16 ( 1 ) : 25 – 39 . doi: 10.1080/13588265.2010.499698
- Huang , X. , Lu , G. and Yu , T. X. 2002 . Energy absorption in splitting square metal tubes . Thin Wall. Struct. , 40 : 153 – 165 . doi: 10.1016/S0263-8231(01)00058-1
- Huang , X. , Lu , G. and Yu , T. X. 2002 . On the axial splitting and curling of circular metal tube . Int. J. Mech. Sci. , 44 : 2369 – 2391 . doi: 10.1016/S0020-7403(02)00191-1
- Jacobsen , K. , Tyrell , D. and Perlman , B. Impact test of a crash-energy management passenger rail car . Proceedings of the 2004 ASMEIIEEE Joint Rail Conference, 6–8 April 2004 , Baltimore, MA , , USA
- Jones , N. 1989 . Structural Impact , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Karahanshian , Z. O. 1972 . Hydropneumatic absorbing device for railway rolling stock . United States Patent
- Kawasaki , T. , Yamaguchi , T. , Mochida , T. and Yamamoto , T. 2007 . Railway vehicle with energy absorbing structure . European Patent EP 1 854 694 A2
- Langseth , M and Hopperstad , O. S. 1996 . Static and dynamic axial crushing of square thin-walled aluminium extrusions . Int. J. Impact Eng. , 18 ( 7–8 ) : 949 – 968 . doi: 10.1016/S0734-743X(96)00025-5
- Langseth , M. , Hopperstad , O. S. and Brrstad , T. 1999 . Crashworthiness of aluminium extrusions: Validation of numerical simulation, effect of mass ratio and impact velocity . Int. J. Impact Eng. , 22 : 829 – 854 . doi: 10.1016/S0734-743X(98)00070-0
- Lima , Reza Mehryari , Ismarrubie , Z. N. , Zainudin , E. S. and Tang , S. H. 2012 . Effect of length on crashworthiness parameters and failure modes of steel and hybrid tube made by steel and GFRP under low velocity impact . Int. J. Crashworthiness , 17 ( 3 ) : 319 – 325 . doi: 10.1080/13588265.2012.661238
- LSTC . 2007 . LS-DYNA® Keyword User's Manual Version 971 , Livermore Software Technology Corporation .
- Mwangi , F. M. and Kanny , K. 2012 . Development of granular-medium-based impact energy management system . Int. J. Crashworthiness , 17 ( 4 ) : 401 – 414 . doi: 10.1080/13588265.2012.661658
- Seitzberger , M. , Payer , H.-J. , Rittenschober , A. and Graf , R. 2009 . Crumple element comprising a guiding mechanism . United States Patent
- Shakeri , M. , Salehghaffari , S. and Mirzaeifar , R. 2007 . Expansion of circular tubes by rigid tubes as impact energy absorbers: Experimental and theoretical investigation . TCRS , 12 ( 5 ) : 493 – 501. . doi: 10.1080/13588260701483540
- Warne , R. W. and Kaskey , A. G. 1968 . An impact energy-absorbing strut employing tube cutting . National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Report number: NASA TN D-4941
- Werner , F. and Huber , M. 2001 . Railway Car body including deformable impact absorbing element . US Patent 6167815 B1
- Wierzbicki , T. and Abramowicz , W. 1983 . On the crushing mechanics of thin-walled structures . J. Appl. Mech. , 50 : 727 – 734 . doi: 10.1115/1.3167137
- Xin , X. , Parida , B. K , Zaouk , A. K. , Dana , N. and Punwani , S. K . Impact analysis of an innovative shock energy absorber and its applications in improving railroad safety . 12th International LS-DYNA® Users Conference , Dearborn, MI , , USA
- Yang , C.-C. Dynamic progressive buckling of square tubes . Proceeding of the Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics , Tainan , , Taiwan
- Zhang , X. W. , Su , H. and Yu , T. X. 2009 . Energy absorption of an axially crushed square tube with a buckling initiator . Int. J. Impact Eng. , 36 : 402 – 417 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.02.002