Viral Pathogens and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Oligodynamic Ag⁺ for Direct Immune Intervention

References

• Bechhold H. Colloids in Biology and Medicine. New York: D. van Nostrand, 1919, 364–76.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton GD, Clayton FE. Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd rev. edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981, 1881–94.
   Google Scholar
• Russell AD, Path FR, Hugo WB. Antimicrobial activity and action of silver. Prog Med Chem 1994; 31: 352.
   Google Scholar
• Hugo WB. In: Hugo WB, Ayliffe GAF (eds) Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1992, 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson NR. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973, Vol. 5, Chapter 28.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz A, Tracy RL, Harris FS. The oligodynamic effect of silver. In: Addicks L (ed.) Silver in Industry. New York: Reinhold Publishing, 1940, 401.
   Google Scholar
• Hippocrates. On ulcers, 400 BC; translated by Francis Adams (http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/ browse-Hippocrates.html).
   Google Scholar
• Cumston CG. History of Medicine. New York, A.A. Knoff, 1926, 216.
   Google Scholar
• Crede KSF. Ber Klin Wochenschr 1901; 38: 941.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao G, Stevens SE. Multiple parameters for the comprehensive evaluation of the susceptibility ofEscherichia coli to the silver ion. BioMetals 1998; 11: 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle AB. The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1919, 83.
   Google Scholar
• Thurman RB, Gerba CP. The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion disinfection of bacteria and viruses. CRC Crit Rev Environ Control 1989; 301.
   Google Scholar
• Thurman RB, Gerba CP. The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion disinfection of bacteria and viruses. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine, The Silver Institute, Washington, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Bechhold H. Colloids in Biology and Medicine. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1919, 376.
   Google Scholar
• Duhamel BG. Electric metallic colloids and their therapeutic applications. Lancet 13 January, 1912, 90.
   Google Scholar
• Searle AB. The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1919, 86.
   Google Scholar
• Argos. Merck’s Index, 4th edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1930, 91.
   Google Scholar
• Chang TW, Weinstein L. Prevention of herpes keratoconjunctivitis in rabbits by silver sulfadiazine. 1975; 8: 677–8.
   Google Scholar
• Neo-Protosil. Merck’s Index, 4th edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1930, 350.
   Google Scholar
• Protargol. Merck’s Index, 4th edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1930, 424.
   Google Scholar
• Silver fluoride, silver iodate, silver iodide, silver lactate, silver nitrate. Merck’s Index, 4th edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1930, 460.
   Google Scholar
• Silver protein, silver salicylate, silver sulphate, silver sulphide, silver and potassium cyanide, silver and sodium chloride, silver and sodium thiosulphate, silver and thallium nitrate, silvol. Merck’s Index, 4th edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1930, 462.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Sarles WB, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N70 23888, NASA CR Number CR-108338, February 1970, 4-4–4-6.
   Google Scholar
• Mahnel H, Schmidt M. Effect of silver compounds on viruses in water. Zentralbl Baktenol Parasitenk Infektionskr Hyg Abt Orig Reihe B 1986; 182: 381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cliver DO, Sarles WB, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N70 23888, NASA CR Number CR-108338, February 1970, Table 4-5, 4-7–4-8.
   Google Scholar
• Brigham Young University, Microbiology Department, 13 May 1999. Ron W. Leavitt, PhD, Professor of Microbiology; ref: ASAP 1.25 ppm to 10 ppm concentrate of Ag1.
   Google Scholar
• Domb et al. US. Patent no. 5,344,411, 6 September 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Septacrol. Merck’s Index, 4th edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1930, 456.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Sarles WB, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N70 23888, NASA CR Number CR-108338, February 1970, 4-2–4-4.
   Google Scholar
• Oka et al. US. Patent no. 5,516,519, 14 May 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Oka H et al. Inactivation of enveloped viruses by a silver–thiosulfate complex. Metal-Based Drugs 1994; 1(5–6): 511.
   Google Scholar
• Charney J, Fischer WPM, Sagin JF, Tytell AA. Inactivation of concentrated purified poliovirus suspensions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1960; 83: 649.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Sarles WB, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N70 23888, NASA CR Number CR-108338, February 1970, 4-5–4-6.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Sarles WB, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N70 23888, NASA CR Number CR-108338, February 1970, 4–6.
   Google Scholar
• Montes LF, Muchinik G, Fox CL. Response to varicella-zoster virus and herpes zoster to silver sulfadiazine. Cutis 1986; 38(6): 3635.
   Google Scholar
• Searle AB. The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1919, 85.
   Google Scholar
• Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry New and Nonofficial Remedies. Chicago: AMA, 1932, 401.
   Google Scholar
• Ellerman-Eriksen S, Rungby J, Morgensen SC. Autointerference in silver accumulation in microphages without affecting phagocytic, migratory or interferon-producing capacity. Virchows Arch 1987; 53: 243.
   Google Scholar
• Jansson G, Harms-Ringdahl M. Stimulating effects of mercuris and silver ions on the superoxide anion production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Free Radic Res Commun 1993; 18(2): 87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng QL, Wu J, Chen GO, et al. A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 52: 662–8.
   Google Scholar
• Yudkin J. Enzymologia 1937–8; 2: 161–70.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz A, Tracy RL, Harris FS. Oligodynamic effect of silver. In: Addicks L (ed.) Silver in Industry. New York: Reinhold, 1940, 402–3.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR) US Public Health Service, Clement International Corporation, Under Contract no. 205-88-0608, Toxicological Profile for Silver, CAS# 7440-22-4, December 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Von Na¨ geli C. On the oligodynamic phenomenon in living cells. Denkschriften der Schweiz Naturforsch Ges 1983; 33: 174–82.
   Google Scholar
• Webster’s Third International Dictionary, unabridged, (c) 1981, 1572.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO et al. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, February 1970, 5.
   Google Scholar
• In vitro investigations published on letterheads from Departments of Microbiology, Pathology, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Biology from such universities as: Johns Hopkins, Northwestern University Medical School, Queen’s University, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, NYU Medical Center, University of Nebraska, University of Massachusetts 1996–1998.
   Google Scholar
• Eichorn GL et al. Interaction of metal ions with biological systems, with special reference to silver and gold. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 13–14 May. Washington, DC: The Silver Institute, 1987, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Bechhold H. Colloids in Biology and Medicine. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1919, 366.
   Google Scholar
• Bechhold H Zeitschr Physik Chemie 1907; 60: 313.
   Google Scholar
• Bodansky M. Introduction to Physiological Chemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1934, 22–3.
   Google Scholar
• Bechhold H. Colloids in Biology and Medicine. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1919, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander J. Colloid Chemistry: An Introduction, With Some Practical Applications, 2nd edn. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1924, 30.
   Google Scholar
• Jirgensons B, Straumanis ME. A Short Textbook of Colloid Chemistry, 2nd rev edn. New York: Macmillan, 1962, 14.
   Google Scholar
• Ostwald W. Handbook of Colloidal Chemistry, trans Fischer, Oesper and Berman. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co, 1915.
   Google Scholar
• Kopaczewski W. The pharmacodynamics of colloids. In: Alexander J (ed.) Colloid Chemistry— Theoretical and Applied. New York: The Chemical Catalogue Co., 1928, Vol. 2, 962.
   Google Scholar
• Ace´l D, Biochem Z 1920; 112: 23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz A. Water sanitation with silver. J Am Water Works Assoc 1943; 35: 579.
   Google Scholar
• Rochart C, Uzdins K. Katadyn (silver preparation): clinical application. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1947; 77: 1100–4.
   Google Scholar
• Marino AA et al. The effects of selected metals on marrow cells in culture. Chem Biol Interactions 1974; 9: 217.
   Google Scholar
• Berger TJ et al. Electrically generated silver ions: quantitative effects on bacterial and mammalian cells. Anti Microb Agents Chemother 1976; 9(2): 357–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antelman M. US Patents: 5,017,295; 5,073,382; 5,078,902; 5,089,275; 5,098,582; 5,211,855; 5,223,149; 5,336,416; 5,336,499; 5,772,896.
   Google Scholar
• Antelman M. Multivalent silver bacteriocides. Precious Metals 1992; 16: 151–63.
   Google Scholar
• Antelman M. Anti-pathogenic multivalent silver molecular semiconductors. Precious Metals 1992; 16: 141–9.
   Google Scholar
• Dean W et al. Reduction of viral load in AIDS patients with intravenous mild silver protein— three case reports. Clin Prac Altern Med 2001; Spring.
   Google Scholar
• Antelman M. Silver (II, III) disinfectants. Soap/Cosmetics/Chemical Specialties 1994; March: 52–9.
   Google Scholar
• Aiken C. In vitro MIC test against HIV-1, published account via email, AA-90 results, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 16 December 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong-Yin Z et al. Zinc inhibition of renin and the protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Biochemistry 1991; 30(36): 8717–21.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain S et al. Cystine protects Na, K-ATPase and isolated human lymphocytes from silver toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189: 1444–9.
   Google Scholar
• Grier N. Silver and its compounds. In: Block S (ed.) Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1983, 380.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman VR, Wilkie J, Levinson WE, Stevens T, Javetz E. Inactivation of herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2 by silver nitrate in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 4: 259.
   Google Scholar
• Chang TW, Weinstein L. In vitro activity of silver sulfadiazine against herpesvirus hominis. J Infect Dis 1975; 132(1): 79–81.
   Google Scholar
• Tokumaru T, Shimizu Y, Fox CL. Antiviral activities of silver sulfadiazine in ocular infection. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1974; 8: 151–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu F, Shimizu Y, Kumagai K. Specific inactivation of herpes simplex virus by silver nitrate at low concentrations and biological activities of the inactivated virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 10(1): 57–63.
   Google Scholar
• Council on Pharmacy and ChemistryNew and Nonofficial Remedies. Chicago: AMA, 1932, 398–407.
   Google Scholar
• Collargol. Merck’s Index, 4th edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1930, 178.
   Google Scholar
• Wood HC, LaWall CH. The Dispensatory of The United States of America, 21st edn. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1926, 1476.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman L, Gilman A. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics: A Textbook of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics for Physicians and Medical Students. New York: Macmillan, 1941, Table 45, 859.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Sarles WB, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N70 23888, NASA CR Number CR-108338, February 1970, 29.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N71 24436, NASA CR Number CR-114978, February 1971, 4–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N71 24436, NASA CR Number CR-114978, February 1971, 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Simonetti N, Simonetti G, Bougonl F, Scalzo M. Electrochemical Ag1 for preservative use. App Environ Microbiol 1992; 58(12): 3834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz A. The oligodynamic effect of silver. In: Addicks L (ed.) Silver in Industry. New York: Reinhold, 1940, 409.
   Google Scholar
• Voigt J. Das Kolloide Silver. Leopzig, 1929, 12ff.
   Google Scholar
• Crocker JC, Grier DG. Interactions and dynamics in charge-stabilized colloid. MRS Bull 1998; 23: 24–31.
   Google Scholar
• Vukovic VV, Nedeljkovic JM. Surface modification of nanometer-scale silver particles by imidazole. Langmuir 1993; 9(4): 980.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu X. Ag1 Concentration Determination of Argentyn 23. Miami: Department of Marine Biology, University of Miami, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Dasmahapatra R. The important dots to know about the coronavirus family (http:// www.stanford.edu/group/virus/corona/virushome.html) accessed 2 May 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z-Y et al. Zinc inhibition of renin and the protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Biochemistry 1991; 30(36):8719.
   Google Scholar
• Cliver DO, Foell WK, Goepfert JM. Biocidal effects of silver. Contract NAS 9-9300 Final Technical Report, University of Wisconsin, Accession Number N71 24436, NASA CR Number CR-114978, February 1971, 4–1, 4–2, 5–3.
   Google Scholar
• Milder. US Patent no. 5,322,520, 21 June 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Liboff et al. US Patent no. 4,818,697, 4 April 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Hink J, Jansen E. Are superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide responsible for some of the beneficial effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy? Med Hypotheses 2001; 57(6): 764–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baugh MA. HIV: reactive oxygen species, enveloped viruses and hyperbaric oxygen. Med Hypotheses 2000; 55(3): 232–8.
   Google Scholar
• Van den Blink B, van der Kleij AJ, Versteeg HH, Peppelenbosch MP. Immunomodulatory effect of oxygen and pressure. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 132(1): 193–7.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick TR, Manning GT, Oforsagd PA, Trapp WG. The correction of severe hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome with hyperbaric oxygenation (OHP). Chest 1970; 58(5): 483–90.
   Google Scholar
• Reillo MR. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of debilitating fatigue associated with HIV/AIDS. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 1993; 4(3): 33–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rogatski˜ı GG et al. Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the corticosterone content of the blood in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1989; 107(5): 545–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lustbader D, Fein A. Other modalities of oxygen therapy: hyperbaric oxygen, nitric oxide, and ECMO. Respir Care Clin North Am 2000; 6(4): 659–74.
   Google Scholar