Asthma: What we do and why we do it

References

• Serafini U. Can fatal asthma be prevented?—a personal view. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 576–588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osler W. The principles and practice of medicine. Edinburgh. Young J Pentland 1892; 500
   Google Scholar
• Christian H. A., Mackenzie J., (eds). The Oxford Medicine. 1920; 232
   Google Scholar
• Coke F. Asthma. Wright & Sons, Bristol 1923; 104
   Google Scholar
• Conybeare J. J. A textbook of medicine. Livingstone, Edinburgh 1929; 486
   Google Scholar
• Burney P. G. J. Strategy for asthma. BMJ 1991; 303: 571–573
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sears M. R. Epidemiology of asthma. Recent advances in respiratory medicine vol. 4, D. C Flenley, T. L Petty. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1986; 1–11
   Google Scholar
• Haahtela T., Lindholm H., Bjorksten F., Koskenvuo K., Laitinen L. Prevalence of asthma in Finnish young men. BMJ 1990; 301: 266–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burney P. G. J., Chinn S., Rona R. J. Has the prevalence of asthma increased in children? Evidence from the national study of health and growth. BMJ 1990; 300: 1306–1310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheffer A. L., Quoted by Zweiman B in Open letter to members of the American Academy of Allergy & Immunology, July 1991
   Google Scholar
• Crane J., Pearce N., Beasley R., Burgess C. Worldwide worsening of wheezing—is the cure the cause?. Lancet 1992; 339: 814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khot A., Burn R. Deaths from asthma. BMJ 1984; 289: 557
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sly R. M. Increases in deaths from asthma. Ann Allergy 1984; 53: 20–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullaly D. I., Howard W. A., Hubbard T. J., Grauman J. S., Cohen S. G. Increased hospitalisation for asthma among children in the Washington DC area during 1961–1981. Ann Allergy 1984; 53: 15–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw R. A., Crane J., O'Donnell T. V. Prevalence of asthma in children. BMJ 1990; 300: 1652–1653
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson C. F., Heycock B., Bishop J., Nolan T., Olinsky A., Phelan P. D. Prevalence of asthma in Melbourne school children: changes over 26 years. BMJ 1991; 302: 1116–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheffer A. L. International consensus report on diagnosis and treatment of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22((suppl 1))xi
   Google Scholar
• Godlee F. Air pollution I—from pea souper to photochemical smog. BMJ 1991; 303: 1459–1461
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steerenberg P. A., Withagen C. E. T., Dormans J. A. M. A., van Dalen W. J., van Loveren H., Casee F. R. Adjuvant activity of various diesel exhaust and ambient particles in two allergic models. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2003; 66: 1421–1440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editorial: asthma and the bean. Lancet 1989; ii: 538–540
   Google Scholar
• Sporik R., Holgate S. T., Platts‐Mills T. A. E., Cogswell J. J. Exposure to housedust mite allergen (Der p1) and the development of asthma in childhood—a prospective study. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 502–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford N. A., Miller C. S. Chemical exposures: Low levels and high atakes. 2^nd ed. Van Norstrand & Reinhold, New York 1998, ISBN 0‐442‐02524‐6
   Google Scholar
• Zock J‐P., Plana E., Jarvis D., Antó J. P., Kromhout H., Kennedy S. M., Künzli N., Villani S., Olivieri M., Torén K., Radon K., Sunyer J., Dahlman‐Hoglund A., Norbäck D., Kogevinas M. The use of household cleaning sprays and adult asthma: an international longitudinal study. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 735–741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt P. G., Britten D., Sedgwick J. D. Suppression of IgE responses by antigen inhalation: studies on the role of genetic and environmental factors. Immunology 1987; 60: 97–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattemore P. K., Johnston S. L., Bardin P. C. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms I. Epidemiology. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 325–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp T., Pearce N., Fitzharris P., Crane J., Fergusson D., St George I., Wickens K., Beasley R. Is infant immunization a risk factor for childhood asthma or allergy?. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 678–680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees J. Beta‐2 agonists and asthma (editorial). BMJ 1991; 302: 1166–1167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elwood J. M. Fenoterol and fatal asthma. Lancet 1990; 336: 436–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees H. A., Millar J. S., Donald K. W. Adrenaline in bronchial asthma. Lancet 1967; ii: 1164–1167
   Google Scholar
• Rees H. A., Borthwick R. C., Millar J. S., Donald K. W. Aminophylline in bronchial asthma. Lancet 1967; ii: 1167–1169
   Google Scholar
• Toennesen J., Lowry R., Lambert P. M. Oral theophylline and fatal asthma. Lancet 1981; ii: 200–201
   Google Scholar
• Sears M. R. Beta‐2 agonists and asthma. BMJ 1991; 303: 123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vathenen A. S., Knox A. J., Higgins B. G., Britton J. R., Tattersfield A. E. Rebound increase in bronchial responsiveness after treatment with inhaled terbutaline. Lancet 1988; 1: 554–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolla G., Bucca C. Magnesium, beta‐agonists, and asthma. Lancet 1988; 1: 989
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sears M. R. Dose reduction of beta‐agonists in asthma. Lancet 1991; 338: 1331–1332
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosner F. Moses Maimonides's treatise on asthma. Thorax 1981; 36: 245–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schayck C. P., Dompeling E., van Herwaarden C. L. A., Folgering H., Verbeek A. L. M., van der Hoogen H. J. M., van Weel C. Bronchodilator treatment in moderate asthma or chronic bronchitis: continuous or on demand? A randomised controlled study. BMJ 1991; 303: 1426–1431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godlee F., Walker A. Importance of a healthy environment. BMJ 1991; 303: 1124–1126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansen P., Senti G., Matinez‐Gomez J. M., Kundig T. M. Medication with antihistamines impairs allergen‐specific immunotherapy in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38: 512–519
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson R. Wheezy children. BMJ 1991; 302: 1516
   Google Scholar
• Brunner E. H., et al. Effect of parenteral magnesium on pulmonary function, plasma c‐amp, and histamine in bronchial asthma. J Asthma 1985; 22: 3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okayama H., et al. Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulphate in bronchial asthma. JAMA 1987; 257: 1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skobeloff E. M., et al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for the treatment of acute asthma in the emergency department. JAMA 1989; 282: 1210
   Google Scholar
• Dominguez L. J., Barbagallo M., Di Lorenzo G., Drago A., Scola S., Morici G., Caruso C. Bronchial reactivity and intracellular magnesium: a possible mechanism for the bronchodilating effects of magnesium in asthma. Clin Sci 1998; 95: 137–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam M., Gómez S., González‐Gross M., Marcos A. Possible roles of magnesium on the immune system. Eur J Clin Nutrit 2003; 57: 1193–1197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe A. H. A synergism of antigen challenge and severe magnesium deficiency in blood and urinary histamine levels in rats. J Am Coll Nutrit 1990; 9: 616–622
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camargo C. A., Jr., Rifas‐Shiman S. L., Litonjua A. A., Rich‐Edwards J. W., Weiss S. T., Gold D. R., Kleinman K., Gillman M. W. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. Am J Clin Nutrit 2007; 85: 788–795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns J. S., Dockery D. W., Neas L. M., Schwartz J., Coull B. A., Raizenne M., Speizer F. E. Low dietary nutrient intakes and respiratory health in adolescents. Chest 2007; 132: 238–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux G. Early life events in asthma‐diet. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42: 663–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss S. T., Litonjua A. A. Childhood asthma is a fat‐soluble vitamin deficiency disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38: 385–387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mawson AR. Could bronchial asthma be an endogenous, pulmonary expression of retinoid intoxication?. Front Biosci 2001; 6: D973–D985
   Google Scholar
• Reid L. M. The presence or absence of bronchial mucus in fatal asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 415–416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogg J. C., Hulbert W. C., Armour C., Pare P. D. The effect of mucosal inflammation in airways reactivity. Asthma: Physiology, immunopharmacology, and treatment, A. B Kay, K. F Austen, L. M Lichtenstein. Academic Press, London 1984; 327–338
   Google Scholar
• Beckett P. A., Howarth P. H. Pharmacotherapy and airway remodelling in asthma. Thorax 2003; 58: 163–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumi Y., Foley S., Daigle S., L'Archeveque J., Olivenstein R., Letuve S., Malo J‐L., Hamid Q. Structural changes and airway remodelling in occupational asthma at a mean interval of 14 years after cessation of exposure. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 1781–1787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Scott A., Khan K. M., Cook J. L., Duronio V. What is ‘inflammation’? Are we ready to move beyond Celsus?. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 248–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed D. L. J. The immunology of allergy. Disease and the environment, A. R Rees, H Purcell. Wiley, London 1982; 65–78
   Google Scholar
• Saari S. M., Vidgren M. T., Herrala J., Turjanmaa V. M., Koskinen M. O., Nieminen M. M. Possibilities of formoterol to enhance the peripheral lung deposition of the inhaled liposome corticosteroids. Respir Med 2002; 96: 999–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samee S., Altes T., Powers P., de Lange E. E., Knight‐Scott J., Rakes G., Mugler J. P., III., Ciambiotti J. M., Alford B. A., Brookeman J. R., Platts‐Mills T. A. E. Imaging the lungs in asthmatic patients by using hyperpolarized helium‐3 magnetic resonance: assessment of response to methacholine and exercise challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 1205–1211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blyth D. I. The homeostatic rôle of bronchoconstriction. Respiration 2001; 68: 217–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J. S., Zeman K. L., Bennett W. D. Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1240–1247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina M. S., O'Riordan T. G., Smaldone G. C. Changes in mucociliary clearance during acute exacerbations of asthma. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991; 143((5))993–997
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capewell S., Reynolds S., Shuttleworth D., Edwards C., Finlay A. Y. Purpura and dermal thinning associated with high dose inhaled steroids. BMJ 1990; 300: 1548–1551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wlodarczyk J. H., Gibson P. G., Caeser M. Impact of inhaled corticosteroids on cortisol suppression in adults with asthma: a quantitative review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100: 23–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan C. Mechanism of glucocorticoid action in asthma: too little too late. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 315–317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst P., Gonzalez A. V., Brassard P., Suissa S. Inhaled corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 162–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed D. L. J., Buckley C. H. Mucotractive effect of lectin. Lancet 1978; 1: 585–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed D. L. J. Lectins in food: their importance in health and disease. J Nutr Med 1991; 2: 45–64
   Google Scholar
• Brompton Hospital/MRC Collaborative Committee. Long term study of disodium cromoglycate in treatment of severe extrinsic or intrinsic bronchial asthma in adults. BMJ 1972; 4: 383–388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearce N., Douwes J. Commentary: asthma time trends—mission accomplished?. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34((5))1018–1019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. Peanut allergy. CTCFCPE. 2007; 25, Crown copyright
   Google Scholar
• Freed D. L. J., Buckley C. H., Tsivion Y., Sharon N., Katz D. H. Non‐allergenic haemolysins in grass pollens and housedust mites. Allergy 1983; 38: 477–486
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dudgeon D. L., Parker F. B., Fritelli G., Rabuzzi D. D. Bronchiectasis in paediatric patients resulting from aspirated grass inflorescences. Arch Surg 1980; 115: 979–983
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heino N., Monkare S., Haahtela T., Laitinen L. A. An electron‐microscopic study of the airways in patients with farmer's lung. Eur J Respir Dis 1982; 63: 52–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seely S., Freed D. L. J., Silverstone G., Rippere V. Diet‐related diseases: The modern epidemic. Croom Helm, London 1985
   Google Scholar
• Rechcigl M. CRC handbook of naturally occurring food toxicants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1983
   Google Scholar
• Pond C. M. Interactions of adipose and lymphoid tissues. Adipose tissue and adipokines in health and disease, G Fantuzzi, T Mazzone. Humana, New Jersey 2007; 133–150
   Google Scholar
• Van Bever H. P., Shek L. P., Lim D. L., Lee B. W. Viewpoint: are doctors responsible for the increase in allergic diseases?. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16: 464–470
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clinical evidence. BMJ Publishing Group; 2008. Available online at: clinicalevidence.com
   Google Scholar
• Aim J. S., Swartz J., Lilja G., Scheynius A., Pershagen G. Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophical lifestyle. Lancet 1999; 353: 1485–1488
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freemantle N., Irs A. Observational evidence for determining drug safety is no substitute for evidence from randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008; 336: 627–628
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox W. W. Asthma—is your suffering really necessary?. Trafalgar Square, London 1995, ISBN 9 780709057055
   Google Scholar
• Kalra S., Owen S. J., Hepworth J., Woodcock A. Airborne housedust antigen after vacuum cleaning. Lancet 1990; 336: 449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad S. H., Matthews S., Cant C., Hide D. W. Effect of allergen avoidance on development of allergic disorders in infancy. Lancet 1992; 339: 1493–1497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarrett E. E. Perinatal influences on IgE responses. Lancet 1984; ii: 797–799
   Google Scholar
• Wraith D. G. Asthma. Food allergy and intolerance, J Brostoff, S. J Challacombe. Baillière Tindall, London 1987; 486–497
   Google Scholar
• Rowe A. H. Bronchial asthma because of food and inhalant allergy and less frequent drug and chemical allergy. Food allergy, A. H Rowe. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield 1972; 169–210
   Google Scholar
• Anthony H., Birtwistle S., Eaton K. K. E., Maberly J. Environmental medicine in clinical practice. BSAENM Publications, Southampton 1997, IBSN 0 9523397 2 2
   Google Scholar
• Wraith D. G. Asthma and rhinitis. Clin Immunol Allergy 1982; 2: 101–112
   Google Scholar
• Maberly D. J., Anthony H. M. Asthma management in a ‘clean’ environment: 1. The effect of challenge with foods and chemicals on the peak flow rate: 2. Progress and outcome in a cohort of patients. J Nutr Med 1992; 3: 215–248
   Google Scholar