1,814
Views
95
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The world turns at 33 and 45: Defining simple cutoff scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised in a representative sample

&
Pages 670-682 | Received 01 Jun 2010, Accepted 01 Jul 2012, Published online: 06 Jul 2012

References

  • Adams , A. 1992 . Bullying at work: How to confront and overcome it , London , UK : Virago Press .
  • Adoric , V. C. and Kvartuc , T. 2007 . Effects of mobbing on justice beliefs and adjustment . The European Psychologist , 12 : 261 – 271 .
  • Agervold , M. 2007 . Bullying at work: A discussion of definitions and prevalence, based on an empirical study . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 48 : 161 – 172 .
  • Aquino , K. and Bradfield , M. 2000 . Perceived victimization in the workplace: The role of situational factors and victim characteristics . Organization Science , 11 : 525 – 537 .
  • Aquino , K. and Thau , S. 2009 . Workplace victization: Aggression from the target's perspective . Annual Review of Psychology , 60 : 717 – 741 .
  • Baillien , E. , De Cuyper , N. and De Witte , H. 2010 . Job autonomy and workload as antecedents of workplace bullying: A two-wave test of Karasek's Job Demand Dontrol model for targets and perpetrators . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 84 : 191 – 208 .
  • Baillien , E. and De Witte , H. 2009 . Why is organizational change related to workplace bullying? Role conflict and job insecurity as mediators . Economic and Industrial Democracy , 30 : 348 – 371 .
  • Baillien , E. , De Witte , H. , Notelaers , G. and Neyens , I. 2008 . Construction of a risk assessment tool to prevent workplace bullying . Gedrag und Organisatie , 21 : 254 – 277 .
  • Balducci , C. , Alfano , V. and Fraccaroli , F. 2009 . Relationships between mobbing at work and MMPI-2 personality profile, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and suicidal ideation and behavior . Violence and Victims , 24 : 52 – 67 .
  • Balducci , C. , Spagnoli , P. , Alfano , V. , Barattucci , M. , Notelaers , G. and Fraccaroli , F. 2010 . Valutare il rischio mobbing nelle organizzazioni. Contributo alla validazione italiana dello Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (S-NAQ) . Psicologia Sociale , 1 : 141 – 161 .
  • Baruch , Y. 2005 . Bullying on the net: Adverse behavior on e-mail and its impact . Information and Management , 42 : 361 – 371 .
  • Bilgel , N. , Aytac , S. and Bayram , N. 2006 . Bullying in Turkish white-collar workers . Occupational Medicine , 56 : 226 – 231 .
  • Björkqvist , K. 1992 . Trakassering förekommer bland anställda vid ÅA [Harassment among employees at Åbo Akademi] . Meddelanda från Åbo Akademi , 9 : 14 – 17 .
  • Björkqvist , K. , Österman , K. and Hjelt-Bäck , M. 1994 . Aggression among university employees . Aggressive Behavior , 20 : 173 – 184 .
  • Bowling , N. A. and Beehr , T. A. 2006 . Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 998 – 1012 .
  • Brousse , G. , Fontana , L. , Ouchchane , L. , Boisson , C. , Gerbaud , L. Bourget , D. 2008 . Psychopathological features of a patients population of targets of workplace bullying . Occupational Medicine , 58 : 122 – 128 .
  • Collins , L. M. 2006 . Analysis of logitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal design, and statistical model . Annual Reviews in Psychology , 57 : 505 – 528 .
  • Daniel P., Chapman, D., Whitfield, C., Felitti, V., Dube, S., Edwards, V., & Anda, R. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 217–225
  • Derogatis , L. R. , Lipman , R. S. , Rickels , K. , Uhlenhuth , E. H. and Covi , L. 1974 . The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory . Behavioral Science , 19 : 1 – 15 .
  • Dresselhaus , T. R. , Luck , J. and Peabody , J. W. 2002 . The ethical problem of false positives: A prospective evaluation of physician reporting in the medical record . Journal Medical Ethics , 28 : 291 – 294 .
  • Einarsen , S. 1996 . Bullying and harassment at work: Epidemiological and psychosocial aspects , Bergen , Norway : University of Bergen . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Einarsen , S. 1999 . The nature and causes of bullying at work . International Journal of Manpower , 20 : 16 – 27 .
  • Einarsen , S. 2000 . Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 5 : 379 – 401 .
  • Einarsen , S. and Hoel , H. May 2001 . The Negative Acts Questionnaire: Development, validation and revision of a measure of bullying at work May , Prague Paper presented at the 10th European congress on Work and Organisational Psychology 2001
  • Einarsen , S. and Hoel , H. 2008 . “ Bullying and mistreatment at work: How managers may prevent and manage such problems ” . In Employee well-being support: A workplace resource , Edited by: Kinder , A. , Hughes , R. and Cooper , C. L. 161 – 173 . New York , N : Wiley .
  • Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. and Notelaers , G. 2009 . Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised . Work and Stress , 23 : 24 – 44 .
  • Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 2003 . “ The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition ” . In Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 3 – 30 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 2011 . “ The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition ” . In Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 3 – 39 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Einarsen , S. and Raknes , B. I. 1997 . Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men . Violence and Victims , 12 : 247 – 263 .
  • Einarsen , S. , Raknes , B. I. and Matthiesen , S. B. 1994 . Bullying and harassment at work and their relationship to work environment quality: An exploratory study . The European Work and Organizational Psychologist , 4 : 381 – 401 .
  • Einarsen , S. , Raknes , B. I. , Matthiesen , S. B. and Hellesøy , O. 1994 . Mobbing og harde personkonflikter. Helsefarlig samspill på arbeidsplassen [Harassment and serious interpersonal conflicts at work: Health endangering interplay at work] , Bergen , Norway : Sigma Forlag .
  • Einarsen , S. and Skogstad , A. 1996 . Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 5 : 185 – 201 .
  • Flanagan , J. C. 1950 . The critical incident technique . Psychological Bulletin , 51
  • Hanley , J. A. and McNeil , B. J. 1982 . The meaning and use of the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve . Radiolology , 143 : 29 – 36 .
  • Hansen , Å. M. , Hogh , A. , Persson , R. , Karlson , B. , Garde , A. H. and Ørbæk , P. 2006 . Bullying at work, health outcomes, and physiological stress response . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 60 : 63 – 72 .
  • Hauge , L. J. , Skogstad , A. and Einarsen , S. 2007 . Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study . Work and Stress , 21 : 220 – 242 .
  • Hauge , L. J. , Skogstad , A. and Einarsen , S. 2010 . The relative impact of workplace bullying as a social stressor at work . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology ,
  • Hoel , H. , Einarsen , S. and Cooper , C. L. 2003 . “ Organisational effects of bullying ” . In Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 145 – 162 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Hoel , H. and Giga , S. 2006 . Destructive interpersonal conflict in the workplace: The effectiveness of management interventions , Manchester , UK : University of Manchester .
  • Hogh , A. , Mikkelsen , E. G. and Hansen , Å. M. 2011 . “ Individual consequences of workplace bullying/mobbing ” . In Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 107 – 128 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Hopley , L. and van Schalkwyk , J. 2001 . The magnificent ROC Retrieved http://www.mendeley.com/research/magnificent-roc/#page-1
  • Høstmark , M. and Lagerstrøm , B. O. 2006 . Undersøkelse om arbeidsmiljø: Destruktiv atferd i arbeidslivet. Dokumentasjonsrapport [A study of work environments: Destructive behaviours in working life. Documentation report] , Oslo , Norway : Statistisk Sentralbyrå/Statistic Norway .
  • Kaukiainen , A. , Salmivalli , C. , Björkqvist , K. , Österman , K. , Lahtinen , A. , Kostamo , A. and Lagerspetz , K. 2001 . Overt and covert aggression in work settings in relation to the subjective well-being of employees . Aggressive Behavior , 27 : 360 – 371 .
  • Kivimäki , M. , Virtanen , M. , Vartia , M. , Elovainio , M. , Vahtera , J. and Keltikangas-Järvinen , L. 2003 . Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression . Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 60 : 779 – 783 .
  • Knorz , C. and Zapf , D. 1996 . Mobbing—eine extreme Form sozialer Stressoren am Arbeitsplatz . Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie , 40 : 12 – 21 .
  • Leymann , H. 1990a . Handbok för användning av LIPT-formuläret för kartläggning av risker för psykologisk vald [Manual of the LIPT questionnaire for assessing the risk of psychological violence at work] , Stockholm , Sweden : Violen .
  • Leymann , H. 1990b . Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces . Violence and Victims , 5 : 119 – 126 .
  • Leymann , H. 1996 . The content and development of mobbing at work . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 5 : 165 – 184 .
  • Leymann , H. and Gustafsson , A. 1996 . Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 5 : 251 – 275 .
  • Magidson , J. and Vermunt , J. K. 2004 . “ Latent class models ” . In The Sage handbook for quantitative methodology , Edited by: Kaplan , D. 175 – 198 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Matthiesen , S. B. 2006 . Bullying at work: Antecedents and outcomes , Bergen , Norway : Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen . Unpublished doctoral thesis
  • Matthiesen , S. B. and Einarsen , S. 2004 . Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying at work . British Journal of Guidance and Counselling , 32 : 335 – 356 .
  • Mikkelsen , E. G. and Einarsen , S. 2001 . Bullying in Danish work-life: Prevalence and health correlates . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 10 : 393 – 413 .
  • Mikkelsen , E. G. and Einarsen , S. 2002 . Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of bullying at work . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 11 : 87 – 11 .
  • Nettelbladt , P. , Hansson , L. , Stefansson , C.-G. , Borgquist , L. and Nordström , G. 1993 . Test characteristics of the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25) in Sweden, using the Present State Examination (PSE-9) as a caseness criterion . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 28 : 130 – 133 .
  • Niedhammer , I. , David , S. and Degioanni , S. 2006 . Association between workplace bullying and depressive symptoms in the French working population . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 61 : 251 – 259 .
  • Niedl , K. 1995 . Mobbing/Bullying am arbeitsplatz. Eine empiriche Analyse zum Phänomen sowie zu personalwirtschaftlich relevanten Effekten von systematischen Feindseligkeiten [Mobbing/bullying at work: An empirical analysis of the phenomenon and of the effects of systematic harassment on human resource management] , Munich , Germany : Hampp .
  • Nielsen , M. B. 2009 . Methodological issues in research on workplace bullying , Bergen , Norway : University of Bergen . Unpublished PhD thesis
  • Nielsen , M. B. and Einarsen , S. 2008 . Sampling in research on interpersonal aggression . Aggressive Behavior , 34 : 265 – 272 .
  • Nielsen , M. B. , Matthiesen , S. B. and Einarsen , S. 2010 . The impact of methodological moderators on prevalence rates of workplace bullying: A meta-analysis . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 83 : 955 – 979 .
  • Nielsen , M. B. , Notelaers , G. and Einarsen , S. 2011 . “ Measuring exposure to workplace bullying ” . In Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 149 – 175 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Nielsen , M. B. , Skogstad , A. , Matthiesen , S. B. , Glasø , L. , Aasland , M. S. , Notelaers , G. and Einarsen , S. 2009 . Prevalence of workplace bullying in Norway: Comparisons across time and estimation methods . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 18 : 81 – 101 .
  • Nolfe , G. , Petrella , C. , Blasi , F. , Zontini , G. and Nolfe , G. 2008 . Psychopathological dimensions of harassment in the workplace (mobbing) . International Journal of Mental Health , 36 : 67 – 85 .
  • Notelaers , G. 2011 . Workplace bullying: A risk control perspective , Bergen , Norway : University of Bergen . Unpublished PhD
  • Notelaers , G. , Baillien , E. , Vermunt , J. K. , De Witte , H. and Einarsen , S. 2011 . Exposure to workplace bullying: Exploring risk groups with categorical data . Industrial Health , 49 : 73 – 88 .
  • Notelaers , G. , De Witte , H. , Vermunt , J. K. and Einarsen , S. 2006 . Pesten op het werk, gewikt en gewogen: Een latente klassen benadering op basis van de negatieve Acts-vragenlijst [How to measure bullying at work? A latent class analysis of the Negative Acts Questionnaire] . Gedrag en Organisatie , 19 : 149 – 160 .
  • Notelaers , G. , Einarsen , S. , De Witte , H. and Vermunt , J. K. 2006 . Measuring exposure to bullying at work: The validity and advantages of the latent class cluster approach . Work and Stress , 20 : 288 – 301 .
  • Olweus , D. 1991 . “ Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program ” . In The development and treatment of childhood aggression , Edited by: Pepler , D. J. and Rubin , K. H. 411 – 448 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Ortega , A. , Høgh , A. , Pejtersen , J. H. and Olsen , O. 2009 . Prevalence of workplace bullying and risk groups: A representative population study . International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , 82 : 417 – 426 .
  • Out , J. 2005 . Meanings of workplace bullying: Labelling versus experiencing and the belief in a just world , Windsor , Ontario, Canada : University of Windsor . Unpublished dissertation
  • Paas , L. J. , Vermunt , J. K. and Bijmolt , T. H. A. 2007 . Discrete time, discrete state latent Markov modelling for assessing and predicting household acquisitions of financial products . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , 170 : 955 – 974 .
  • Pintea , S. and Moldovan , R. 2009 . The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis: Fundamentals and applications in clinical psychology . Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies , 9 : 46 – 66 .
  • Quinney , R. 1972 . Who is the victim? . Criminology , 10 : 314 – 323 .
  • Rasmussen , J. 1994 . “ Risk management, adaptation, and design for safety ” . In Future risks and risk management , Edited by: Brehmer , B. and Sahlin , N.-E. 1 – 36 . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Rayner , C. and Lewis , D. 2011 . “ Managing workplace bullying: The role of policies ” . In Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 327 – 340 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Rodríguez-Muñoz , A. , Baillien , E. , De Witte , H. , Moreno-Jimenez , B. and Pastor , J. C. 2009 . Cross-lagged relationships between workplace bullying, job satisfaction and engagement: Two longitudinal studies . Work and Stress , 23 : 225 – 243 .
  • Salin , D. 2001 . Prevalence and forms of bullying among business professionals: A comparison of two different strategies for measuring bullying . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 10 : 425 – 441 .
  • Salin , D. 2008 . The prevention of workplace bullying as a question of human resource management: Measures adopted and underlying organizational factors . Scandinavian Journal of Management , 24 : 221 – 231 .
  • Schwickerath , J. and Zapf , D. 2011 . “ Inpatient treatment of bullying victims ” . In Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 397 – 422 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Solberg , M. E. and Olweus , D. 2003 . Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire . Aggressive Behavior , 29 : 239 – 268 .
  • Sörensen , T. 1987 . Mental helse i Nordkyst Bodø , Norway: Nordland fylkeskommune, Fylkeshelsesjefens kontor
  • Spurgeon , A. 2003 . “ Bullying from a risk management perspective ” . In Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. , Zapf , D. and Cooper , C. L. 327 – 338 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Stein, M., & Barrett-Connor, E. (2000). Sexual assault and physical health: Findings from a population-based study of older adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 838–843
  • Streiner , D. L. and Cairney , J. 2007 . What's under the ROC? An introduction to Receiver Operating Characteristics curves . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 52 : 121 – 128 .
  • Sugden , K. , Arseneault , L. , Harrington , H. , Moffitt , T. E. , Williams , B. and Caspi , A. 2010 . Serotonin transporter gene moderates the development of emotional problems among children following bullying victimization . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 49 : 830 – 840 .
  • van Vuuren , W. 1999 . Organisational failure: Lessons from industry applied in the medical domain . Safety Science , 33 : 13 – 19 .
  • Vermunt , J. K. and Magidson , J. 2005 . Technical guide for Latent Gold 4.0: Basic and advanced , Belmont , MA : Statistical Innovations, Inc .
  • Youden , W. J. 1950 . Index for rating diagnostic tests . Cancer , 3 : 32 – 35 .
  • Zapf , D. 1999 . Organizational work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work . International Journal of Manpower , 20 : 70 – 85 .
  • Zapf , D. and Einarsen , S. 2005 . “ Mobbing at work: Escalated conflicts in organizations ” . In Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets , Edited by: Fox , S. and Spector , P. E. 237 – 270 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Zapf , D. , Escartin , J. and Einarsen , S. 2011 . “ Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace ” . In Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research and practice , Edited by: Einarsen , S. , Hoel , H. and Cooper , C. L. 75 – 105 . London , UK : Taylor & Francis Ltd .
  • Zapf , D. , Knorz , C. and Kulla , M. 1996 . On the relationship between mobbing factors, and job content, the social work environment and health outcomes . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 5 : 215 – 237 .
  • Zweig , M. H. and Campbell , G. 1993 . Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) plots: A fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine . Clinical Chemistry , 39 : 561 – 577 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.