Managing information overload in virtual teams: Effects of a structured online team adaptation on cognition and performance

REFERENCES

• Baard, S. K., Rench, T. A., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2014). Performance adaptation: A theoretical integration and review. Journal of Management, 40, 48–99. doi:10.1177/0149206313488210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawden, D. (2001). Information overload. Library and Information Briefings, 92, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2009). The dark side of information: Overload, anxiety and other paradoxes and pathologies. Journal of Information Science, 35, 180–191. doi:10.1177/0165551508095781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom, J., & Stoll, J. (1990). An analysis of information overload with implications for survey design research. Leisure Sciences, 12, 265–280. doi:10.1080/01490409009513106
   Google Scholar
• Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Salas, E., Pierce, L., & Kendall, D. (2006). Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1189–1207. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, M. J., Finkelstein, L. M., & Dusig, M. S. (1999). On average deviation indices for estimating interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 2, 49–68. doi:10.1177/109442819921004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtscher, M. J., & Manser, T. (2012). Team mental models and their potential to improve teamwork and safety: A review and implications for future research in healthcare. Safety Science, 50, 1344–1354. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2007). Fostering mental model convergence through training. In F. Dansereau & F. Yammarino (Eds.), Multi-level issues in organizations and time (pp. 149–157). San Diego, CA: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/S1475-9144(07)06006-7
   Google Scholar
• Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., Blickensderfer, E., & Bowers, C. A. (1998). The impact of cross-training and workload on team functioning: A replication and extension of initial findings. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 40, 92–101. doi:10.1518/001872098779480550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Converse, S. (1993). Shared mental models in expert team decision making. In N. J. Castellan, Jr. (Ed.), Individual and group decision making – Current issues (pp. 221–246). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G., & Kanfer, R. (2006). Toward a systems theory of motivated behavior in work teams. Research in Organizational Behavior, 27, 223–267. doi:10.1016/S0191-3085(06)27006-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, N. J., Kiekel, P. A., Salas, E., Stout, R., Bowers, C., & Cannon-Bowers, J. (2003). Measuring team knowledge: A window to the cognitive underpinnings of team performance. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7, 179–199. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.7.3.179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daudelin, M. W. (1996). Learning from experience through reflection. Organizational Dynamics, 24, 36–48. doi:10.1016/S0090-2616(96)90004-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeChurch, L. A., & Mesmer-Magnus, J. R. (2010a). The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 32–53. doi:10.1037/a0017328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeChurch, L. A., & Mesmer-Magnus, J. R. (2010b). Measuring shared team mental models: A meta-analysis. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14, 1–14. doi:10.1037/a0017455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350–383. doi:10.2307/2666999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmunds, A., & Morris, A. (2000). The problem of information overload in business organizations: A review of the literature. International Journal of Information Management, 20, 17–28. doi:10.1016/S0268-4012(99)00051-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. R., Cable, D. M., Williamson, I. O., Lambert, L. S., & Shipp, A. J. (2006). The phenomenology of fit: Linking the person and environment to the subjective experience of person-environment fit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 802–827. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, S., Mendel, R., & Nir, M. (2006). Learning from successful and failed experience: The moderating role of kind of after-event review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 669–680. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellwart, T. (2011). Assessing coordination in human groups: Concepts and methods. In M. Boos, M. Kolbe, P. Kappeler, & T. Ellwart (Eds.), Coordination in human and primate groups (pp. 119–135). Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ellwart, T., Biemann, T., & Rack, O. (2011). Measurement of team knowledge in the field – Methodological advantages and limitations. In M. Boos, M. Kolbe, P. Kappeler, & T. Ellwart (Eds.), Coordination in human and primate groups (pp. 155–176). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Ellwart, T., Konradt, U., & Rack, O. (2014). Team mental models of expertise location: Validation of a field survey measure. Small Group Research, 45, 119–153. doi:10.1177/1046496414521303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entin, E. E., & Serfaty, D. (1999). Adaptive team coordination. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 41, 312–325. doi:10.1518/001872099779591196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppler, M. J., & Mengis, J. (2004). The concept of information overload: A review of literature from organization science, accounting, marketing, MIS, and related disciplines. The Information Society, 20, 325–344. doi:10.1080/01972240490507974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evaristo, R. (1993). An empirical investigation of the impact of information characteristics and information technology on individual information load (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from PhDTree http://phdtree.org/pdf/24831643-an-empirical-investigation-of-the-impact-of-information-characteristics-and-information-technology-on-individual-information-load/
   Google Scholar
• Farhoomand, B. A. F., & Drury, D. H. (2002). Managerial information overload. Communications of the ACM, 45, 127–131. doi:10.1145/570907.570909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore, S. M., Salas, E., Cuevas, H. M., & Bowers, C. A. (2003). Distributed coordination space: Toward a theory of distributed team process and performance. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 4, 340–364. doi:10.1080/1463922021000049971
   Google Scholar
• Franz, H. (1999, January 5–8). The impact of computer mediated communication on information overload in distributed teams. 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-32), Maui, HI (pp. 1–15). doi:10.1109/HICSS.1999.772712
   Google Scholar
• Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 271–340). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Geister, S., Konradt, U., & Hertel, G. (2006). Effects of process feedback on motivation, satisfaction and performance in virtual teams. Small Group Research, 37, 459–489. doi:10.1177/1046496406292337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, H. (2003). Multilevel statistical models (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 109–122. doi:10.1002/smj.4250171110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtner, A., Tschan, F., Semmer, N. K., & Nägele, C. (2007). Getting groups to develop good strategies: Effects of reflexivity interventions on team process, team performance, and shared mental models. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102, 127–142. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker, W. (2003). Action regulation theory: A practical tool for the design of modern work processes? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, 105–130. doi:10.1080/13594320344000075
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408–420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertel, G., Geister, S., & Konradt, U. (2005). Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical research. Human Resource Management Review, 15, 69–95. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2005.01.002
   Google Scholar
• Hertel, G., & Konradt, U. (2007). Telekooperation und virtuelle Teamarbeit [Tele-cooperation and virtual team work]. München: Oldenbourg.
   Google Scholar
• Hertel, G., Konradt, U., & Orlikowski, B. (2004). Managing distance by interdependence: Goal setting, task interdependence, and team-based rewards in virtual teams. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 1–28. doi:10.1080/13594320344000228
   Google Scholar
• Hiltz, S. R., & Turoff, M. (1985). Structuring computer-mediated communication systems to avoid information overload. Communications of the ACM, 28, 680–689. doi:10.1145/3894.3895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, M. I., & Lin, J. W. (1999). Information dimension, information overload and decision quality. Journal of Information Science, 25, 213–218. doi:10.1177/016555159902500305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen, D. R., Hollenbeck, J. R., Johnson, M. D., & Jundt, D. K. (2005). Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 517–543. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabri, M. (2004). Team feedback based on dialogue: Implications for change management. Journal of Management Development, 23, 141–151. doi:10.1108/02621710410517238
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Q. S., & Rafaeli, S. (2000). Time to split, virtually: “Discourse architecture” and “community building” create vibrant virtual publics. Electronic Markets, 10, 214–223. doi:10.1080/101967800750050326
   Google Scholar
• Kanawattanachai, P., & Yoo, Y. (2007). The impact of knowledge coordination on virtual team performance over time. MIS Quarterly, 31, 783–808. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25148820?seq=1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman, B. L., & Mathieu, J. E. (2005). The dimensions and antecedents of team virtuality. Journal of Management, 31, 700–718. doi:10.1177/0149206305279113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klausegger, C., Sinkovics, R. R., & Zou, H. J. (2007). Information overload: A cross-national investigation of influence factors and effects. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 25, 691–718. doi:10.1108/02634500710834179
   Google Scholar
• Klimoski, R., & Mohammed, S. (1994). Team mental model: Construct or metaphor? Journal of Management, 20, 403–437. doi:10.1016/0149-2063(94)90021-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konradt, U., & Hertel, G. (2002). Management virtueller Teams – von der Telearbeit zum virtuellen Unternehmen [Managing virtual teams. From telework to virtual organizations]. Weinheim: Beltz.
   Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Chao, G. T. (2012). The dynamics of emergence: Cognition and cohesion in work teams. Managerial and Decision Economics, 33, 335–354. doi:10.1002/mde.2552
   Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., Grand, J. A., Braun, M. T., & Kuljanin, G. (2013). Advancing multilevel research design: Capturing the dynamics of emergence. Organizational Research Methods, 16, 581–615. doi:10.1177/1094428113493119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7, 77–124. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00030.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 3–90). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83–104. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26, 356–376. doi:10.5465/AMR.2001.4845785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, M. A., Sabella, M. J., Burke, C. S., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2002). The impact of cross-training on team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 3–13. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, M. A., Zaccaro, S. J., & Mathieu, J. E. (2000). Performance implications of leader briefings and team-interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 971–986. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2000). The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 273–283. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & DeChurch, L. A. (2009). Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 535–546. doi:10.1037/a0013773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, S. M., & Saunders, C. S. (2003). The social construction of meaning: An alternative perspective on information sharing. Information Systems Research, 14, 87–106. doi:10.1287/isre.14.1.87.14765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, S., Ferzandi, L., & Hamilton, K. (2010). Metaphor no more: A 15-year review of the team mental model construct. Journal of Management, 36, 876–910. doi:10.1177/0149206309356804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, S., Tesler, R., & Hamilton, K. (2012). Time and team cognition: Toward greater integration of temporal dynamics. In E. Salas, S. M. Fiore, & M. P. Letsky (Eds.), Theories of team cognition – Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 87–116). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Zhang, Z., & Zyphur, M. J. (2011). Alternative methods for assessing mediation in multilevel data: The advantages of multilevel SEM. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18, 161–182. doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.557329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15, 209–233. doi:10.1037/a0020141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rack, O., Tschaut, A., Giesser, C., & Clases, C. (2011). Collective Information Management – Ein Ansatzpunkt zum Umgang mit Informationsflut in virtueller Kooperation [Collective information management – A starting point for handling information overload in virtual cooperation]. Wirtschaftspsychologie, 13, 41–51.
   Google Scholar
• Randall, K. R., Resick, C. J., & DeChurch, L. A. (2011). Building team adaptive capacity: The roles of sensegiving and team composition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 525–540. doi:10.1037/a0022622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rentsch, J. R., & Mot, I. R. (2012). Elaborating cognition in teams: Cognitive similarity configurations. In E. Salas, S. M. Fiore, & M. P. Letsky (Eds.), Theories of team cognition – Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 145–172). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Salas, E., & Fiore, S. M. (Eds.). (2004). Team cognition: Understanding the factors that drive process and performance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10690-000
   Google Scholar
• Salas, E., Fiore, S. M., & Letsky, M. P. (Eds.). (2012). Theories of team cognition – Cross-disciplinary perspectives. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Kraiger, K. (2005). Investigating linear and interactive effects of shared mental models on safety and efficiency in a field setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 523–535. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290–312). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Sparrow, P. R. (1999). Strategy and cognition: Understanding the role of management knowledge structures, organizational memory and information overload. Creativity and Innovation Management, 8, 140–148. doi:10.1111/1467-8691.00128
   Google Scholar
• Speier, C., Valacich, J. S., & Vessey, I. (1999). The influence of task interruption on individual decision making: An information overload perspective. Decision Sciences, 30, 337–360. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01613.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperka, M. (1996). Organisationsinterne Kommunikation – Teil II: Zur empirischen Erforschung organisationsinterner Kommunikationsprozesse [Communication in organizations-Part II: Empirical research on internal organizational communication processes] (Doctoral dissertation). University of Dortmund, Germany. Retrieved from http://www.kommino.com
   Google Scholar
• Stasser, G. (1992). Information salience and the discovery of hidden profiles by decision-making groups: A “thought experiment”. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52, 156–181. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(92)90049-D
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasser, G., Stewart, D. D., & Wittenbaum, G. M. (1995). Expert roles and information exchange during discussion: The importance of knowing who knows what. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 244–265. doi:10.1006/jesp.1995.1012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1985). Pooling of unshared information in group decision making: Biased information sampling during discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1467–1478. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout, R. J., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Milanovich, D. M. (1999). Planning, shared mental models, and coordinated performance: An empirical link is established. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 41, 61–71. doi:10.1518/001872099779577273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2013). Improving teamwork using real-time language feedback. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 459–468. doi:10.1145/2470654.2470720
   Google Scholar
• Thorngate, W. (1997). More than we can know: The attentional economics of internet use. In S. Kiesler (Ed.), Culture of the internet (pp. 296–297). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Uitdewilligen, S., Waller, M. J., & Pitariu, A. H. (2013). Mental model updating and team adaptation. Small Group Research, 44, 127–158. doi:10.1177/1046496413478205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wageman, R. (1995). Interdependence and group effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 145–180. doi:10.2307/2393703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber, S. S., Chen, G., Payne, S. C., Marsh, S. M., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2000). Enhancing team mental model measurement with performance appraisal practices. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 307–322. doi:10.1177/109442810034001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, M. A. (1996). Reflexivity and work group effectiveness: A conceptual integration. In M. A. West (Ed.), Handbook of work group psychology (pp. 555–579). Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wetzstein, A., & Hacker, W. (2004). Reflective verbalization improves solutions – The effects of question-based reflection in design problem solving. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 145–156. doi:10.1002/acp.949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, S., Terveen, L., Hill, W., & Cherny, L. (1998, November). The dynamics of mass interaction. Paper presented at the Proceedings of CSCW 98, the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Seattle, WA.
   Google Scholar
• Wiedow, A., & Konradt, U. (2011). Two-dimensional structure of team process improvement: Team reflection and team adaptation. Small Group Research, 42, 32–54. doi:10.1177/1046496410377358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedow, A., Konradt, U., Ellwart, T., & Steenfatt, C. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of team learning on team outcomes: A multiple mediator analysis. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 17, 232–251. doi:10.1037/a0034149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelmann, C., & Hacker, W. (2010). Question-answering-technique to support freshman and senior engineers in processes of engineering design. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 20, 305–315. doi:10.1007/s10798-009-9086-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac, S., Gregory, M. E., Bedwell, W. L., Kramer, W. S., & Salas, E. (2014). The cognitive underpinnings of adaptive team performance in ill-defined task situations: A closer look at team cognition. Organizational Psychology Review, 4, 49–73. doi:10.1177/2041386613492787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar