Transnational convergence of public procurement policy: a ‘bottom-up’ analysis of policy networks and the international harmonisation of accessibility standards for information and communication technology

References

• Abbott, K. W., and D. Snidal. 2001. “International ‘Standards’ and International Governance.” Journal of European Public Policy 8 (3): 345–370. doi:10.1080/13501760110056013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, K. W., and D. Snidal. 2011. “The Governance Triangle: Regulatory Standards Institutions and the Shadow of the State.” In The Politics of Global Regulation, edited by Walter Mattli and Ngaire Woods, 44–88. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, M. T., and H. V. Milner. 2001. “Strategies of European Standardization.” Journal of European Public Policy 8 (3): 411–431. doi:10.1080/13501760110056040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley, T., and S. N. Smith. 2010. “Communities of Practice as Cause and Consequence of Transnational Governance: The Evolution of Social and Environmental Certification.” In Transnational Communities Shaping Global Economic Governance, edited by M.-L. Djelic and S. Quack, 347–374. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bevir, M. 2010. Democratic Governance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blanck, P. 2014. eQuality: The Struggle for Web Accessibility by Persons with Cognitive Disabilities. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boix, C., and S. C. Stokes. 2007. “Introduction.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by Carles Boix and Susan Carol Stokes, 4–8. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T. A. 1998. “Organizing Babylon – On the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks.” Public Administration 76 (2): 253–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J. 2006. “The Regulatory State?” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions, edited by R. A. W. Rhodes, S. A. Binder and B. A. Rockman. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, D., and F. Gilardi. 2006. “Taking ‘Galton's Problem’ Seriously: Towards A Theory of Policy Diffusion.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 18 (3): 298–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsson, N. 2000. “Organizations, Markets, and Standardization.” In A World of Standards, edited by N. Brunsson and B. Jacobsson, 21–39. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brunsson, N., and B. Jacobsson. 2000. “The Contemporary Expansion of Standardization.” In A World of Standards, edited by N. Brunsson and B. Jacobsson, 1–17. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, T. F. 2002. Lawyers, Lawsuits, and Legal Rights the Battle Over Litigation in American Society. Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Checkel, J. T. 2006. “Tracing Causal Mechanisms.” MISR International Studies Review 8 (2): 362–370.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, P., H. Skov, and M. Kasper. 2006. “Diffusion of Standards: The Importance of Size, Region and External Pressures in Diffusion Processes.” Public Administration 84 (2): 441–459.
   Google Scholar
• Djelic, M.-L., and S. Quack. 2010. “Transnational Communities and Governance.” In Transnational Communities Shaping Global Economic Governance, edited by M.-L. Djelic and S. Quack, 3–36. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbin, F., B. Simmons, and G. Garrett. 2007. “The Global Diffusion of Public Policies: Social Construction, Coercion, Competition, or Learning?” Annual Review of Sociology 33 (1): 449–472. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.090106.142507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolowitz, D. P., and D. Marsh. 2000. “Learning From Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making.” Governance 13 (1): 5–23. doi:10.1111/0952-1895.00121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drezner, D. W. 2001. “Globalization and Policy Convergence.” International Studies Review 3 (1): 53–78.
   Google Scholar
• Easton, C. 2013. “Website Accessibility and the European Union: Citizenship, Procurement and the Proposed Accessibility Act.” International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 27 (1–2): 187–199.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, M. P. 2001. Constructing A European Market: Standards, Regulation, and Governance. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellcessor, E. 2012. Access Ability: Policies, Practices, and Representations of Disability Online. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin – Madison.
   Google Scholar
• ETSI. 2014. Accessibility Requirements for Public Procurement of ICT Products and Services in Europe. CEN, CENELEC, ETSI, Brussels. Accessed July 1, 2015. http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301500_301599/301549/01.00.00_20/en_301549v010000c.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2005. Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC AND ETSI in Support of European Accessibility Requirements for Public Procurement of Products and Services in the ICT Domain M 376 – EN, 7 December. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2011a. “Europe 2020 Targets.” Accessed April 15, 2015. http://perma.cc/YJU9-3U6C
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2011b. Web Accessibility Action Plan. Accessed July 1, 2015. http://ec.europa.eu/smart-regulation/impact/planned_ia/docs/2011_infso_023_web_accessibility_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Disability Forum. 2004. “Statutes of the European Disability Forum.” Accessed April 15, 2015. http://cms.horus.be/files/99909/MediaArchive/Statutes%20AGA%20051007reviewed%2028-05-11.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Disability Forum. 2014. “Public Procurement.” Accessed April 15, 2015. http://perma.cc/4RT9-6XXF
   Google Scholar
• George, A. L., and A. Bennett. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilardi, F. 2008. Delegation in the Regulatory State Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Greve, B. 1996. “Indications of Social Policy Convergence in Europe.” Social Policy and Administration 30 (4): 348–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, P. A. 1993. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain.” Comparative Politics 25 (3): 275–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallström, K. T. 2004. Organizing International Standardization : ISO and the IASC in Quest of Authority. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Halvorsen, R. 2010. “Digital Freedom for Persons with Disabilities: Are Policies to Enhance E-Accessibility and E-Inclusion Becoming More Similar in the Nordic Countries and the US?” In European Yearbook of Disability Law, edited by L. Waddington and G. Quinn, Volume 2, 77–102. Antwerp, Oxford: Intersentia.
   Google Scholar
• Heichel, S., J. Pape, and T. Sommerer. 2005. “Is There Convergence in Convergence Research? an Overview of Empirical Studies on Policy Convergence.” Journal of European Public Policy 12 (5): 817–840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hvinden, B., and R. Halvorsen. 2003. “Which Way for European Disability Policy?” Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 5 (3): 296–312. doi:10.1080/15017410309512631.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsson, B. 2000. “Standardization and Expert Knowledge.” In A World of Standards, edited by N. Brunsson and B. Jacobsson, 40–49. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jordana, J., D. Levi-Faur, and X. Fernandez i Marin. 2009. The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Agencies: Channels of Transfer and Stages of Diffusion. Barcelona: IBEI Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals.
   Google Scholar
• Kisby, B. 2007. “Analysing Policy Networks Towards an Ideational Approach.” Policy Studies -London 28 (1): 71–90.
   Google Scholar
• Knill, C. 2005. “Introduction: Cross-National Policy Convergence: Concepts, Approaches and Explanatory Factors.” Journal of European Public Policy 12 (5): 764–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Faur, D. 2005. “The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598: 12–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Faur, D. 2006. “Varieties of Regulatory Capitalism: Sectors and Nations in the Making of A New Global Order.” Governance 19 (3): 363–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Faur, D. 2011. “Regulation and Regulatory Governance.” In Handbook on the Politics of Regulation, edited by D. Levi-Faur, 3–21. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Maggetti, M., and F. Gilardi. 2011. “The Policy-Making Structure of European Regulatory Networks and the Domestic Adoption of Standards.” Journal of European Public Policy 18 (6): 830–847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, D., and M. Smith. 2000. “Understanding Policy Networks: Towards A Dialectical Approach.” Political Studies 48 (1) 4–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattli, W. 2001. “The Politics and Economics of International Institutional Standards Setting: An Introduction.” Journal of European Public Policy 8 (3): 328–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrudden, C. 2004. “Using Public Procurement to Achieve Social Outcomes.” Natural Resources Forum 28 (4): 257–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metiu, A. 2010. “Gift-giving, Transnational Communities, and Skill-Building in Developing Countries: The Case of Free/Open Source Software.” In Transnational Communities Shaping Global Economic Governance, edited by M.-L. Djelic and S. Quack, 199–225. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, J. C. 1983. “Case and Situation Analysis.” The Sociological Review 31 (2): 187–211. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1983.tb00387.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, M. 2003. The British Regulatory State: High Modernism and Hyper-Innovation. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newmark, A. J. 2002. “An Integrated Approach to Policy Transfer and Diffusion.” Review of Policy Research 19 (2): 151–178. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2002.tb00269.x.
   Google Scholar
• Noble, S. 2002. “Web Access and the Law: A Public Policy Framework.” Library Hi Tech 20 (4): 399–405. doi:10.1108/07378830210452604.
   Google Scholar
• North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ornston, D., and T. Schulze-Cleven. 2014. “Conceptualizing Cooperation: Coordination and Concertation as Two Logics of Collective Action.” Comparative Political Studies Comparative Political Studies 48 (5): 555–585.
   Google Scholar
• Paor, A. de, and Q. Gerard. 2010. The New Transatlantic Agenda and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Taking the US/EU Dialogue to a New Level. Galway: National University of Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Post, D. 2005. “Standards and Regulatory Capitalism: The Diffusion of Food Safety Standards in Developing Countries.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598 (1): 168–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, C., A. P. Freire, H. Petrie, and D. Swallow. 2012. “Guidelines are Only Half of the Story: Accessibility Problems Encountered by Blind Users on the Web.” Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings 433–442.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. A. W. 2006. “Policy Network Analysis.” In The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, edited by M. Moran, M. Rein and R. E. Goodin, 425–447. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, D. 2015. “Public Procurement as a Means to Achieving Social Gains. Progress and Challenges in European Legislation and Standards for Accessible Information and Communication Technology.” International Review of Law, Computers & Technology. doi:10.1080/13600869.2015.1055661.
   Google Scholar
• Seawright, J., and J. Gerring. 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options.” Political Research Quarterly 61 (2): 294–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starke, P. 2013. “Qualitative Methods for the Study of Policy Diffusion: Challenges and Available Solutions.” The Policy Studies Journal 41 (4): 561–582.
   Google Scholar
• Tenbücken, M., and V. Schneider. 2004. “Divergent Convergence: Structures and Functions of National Regulatory Authorities In the Telecommunications Sector.” In The Politics of Regulation Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the age of Governance, edited by J. Jordana and D. Levi-Faur, 245–272. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: E. Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Timmermans, S., and S. Epstein. 2010. “A World of Standards but not A Standard World: Toward A Sociology of Standards and Standardization.” Annual Review of Sociology 36: 69–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trace Center. 2013. “About the Trace Center.” Accessed December 30, 2014. http://perma.cc/3VMJ-74CG.
   Google Scholar
• US Access Board. 2014. “Background.” US Access Board Accessed November 30, 2014. http://perma.cc/58WN-3Y9K
   Google Scholar
• US Access Board. 2015a. “Board Proposes Updated ICT Accessibility Requirements.” Accessed March 15, 2015. http://perma.cc/PL6S-3EMC
   Google Scholar
• US Access Board. 2015b. “History of the Access Board.” Accessed April 6, 2015. http://perma.cc/9ZGL-WNR5
   Google Scholar
• US Access Board. 2015c. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Standards and Guidelines Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. In 36 CFR Parts 1193 and 1194 RIN 3014-AA37. Accessed July 1, 2015. http://www.access-board.gov/attachments/article/1702/ict-proposed-rule.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vanderheiden, G. C., and W. A. Chisholm. 1998. “Central Reference Document – Version 8 Unified Web Accessibility Guidelines.” Web Accessibility Initiative Guidelines Working Group. Accessed December 23, 2014. http://perma.cc/QL3D-8M37
   Google Scholar
• Vanderheiden, G. C., W. A. Chisholm, N. Ewers, and S. M. Dunphy. 1997. “Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines Version 7.2.” Accessed January 9, 2015. http://perma.cc/43UN-WJ3M
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 1997. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Launches International Web Accessibility Initiative. Accessed July 1, 2015. http://www.w3.org/Press/WAI-Launch.html
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 1998. “WAI Accessibility Guidelines: Page Authoring.” Accessed January 9, 2015. http://perma.cc/5JDJ-Y39E
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 1999a. “Revised Charter: Web Content Guidelines Working Group.” Accessed January 9, 2015. http://perma.cc/9EVA-V2PP
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 1999b. “WAI Markup Guidelines Working Group Charter.” Accessed January 9, 2015. http://perma.cc/D7VZ-X5H8
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 1999c. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. Accessed July 1, 2015. http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/0
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 2012. “WCAG2ICT Task Force Work Statement.” Accessed January 8, 2015. http://perma.cc/E97Q-DYQX
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 2013. “Guidance on Applying WCAG 2.0 to Non-Web Information and Communications Technologies (WCAG2ICT).” Accessed January 16, 2015. http://perma.cc/72KN-7VCC
   Google Scholar
• W3C. 2015. “Web of Things Community Group.” Accessed March 15, 2015. https://perma.cc/G4YZ-VTW7
   Google Scholar
• Werle, R. 2002. “Standards in International Telecommunications Regime.” In Trade, Investment and Competition Policies in the Global Economy: The Case of International Telecommunications Regime, edited by P. Guerrieri, 243–282. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verl.-Ges.
   Google Scholar
• Wilensky, H. L. 2002. Rich Democracies: Political Economy, Public Policy, and Performance. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. 2013. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar