References
- Akar, E., and B. Topçu. 2011. “An Examination of the Factors Influencing Consumers’ Attitudes Toward Social Media Marketing.” Journal of Internet Commerce 10 (1): 35–67. doi: 10.1080/15332861.2011.558456
- Bauer, I. 2015. “When Copyright and Social Media Meet: Zooming in on Current Issues and Cases.” Undergraduate Law Journal 2: 12.
- BCS The Chartered Institute for IT. 2011. Leaders in Computing: Changing the Digital World. Swindon: British Informatics Society.
- Beal, V. 2010. The Difference Between the Internet and World Wide Web. https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/Web_vs_Internet.asp.
- Berners-Lee, T. 2000. Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. New York: Harper Business.
- Berners-Lee, T. 2008. The Announcement of the World Wide Web Foundation. Washington, DC. www.webfoundation.org/about/community/transcript-of-tim-berners-lee-video.
- Bookmaker’s Afternoon Greyhound Services v Wilf Gilbert (Staffordshire) Ltd [1994] FSR 723.
- Bowrey, K. 2005. Law and Internet Cultures. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
- Bracha, O. C. 2013. “Copyright History as History of Technology.” The World Intellectual Property Journal 5 (1): 45–53.
- Bronner, F. and R. De Hoog. 2010. “Consumer-generated Versus Marketer-Generated Websites in Consumer Decision Making.” International Journal of Market Research 52 (2): 231–248.
- Bump, P. 2014. Paging Bradley Cooper's Lawyers: He Might Own Ellen's Famous Oscar Selfie. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/paging-bradley-coopers-lawyers-you-might-own-ellens-famous-oscar-selfie/358758/.
- Chu, S. C., and Y. Kim. 2011. “Determinants of Consumer Engagement in Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) in Social Networking Sites.” International Journal of Advertising 30 (1): 47–75. doi: 10.2501/IJA-30-1-047-075
- Clawson, M. 2015. iPhoneography: How to Create Inspiring Photos with Your Smartphone. Berkeley, CA: Apress.
- Collopy, D., and T. Drye. 2017. Share and Share Alike: The Challenges from Social Media for Intellectual Property Rights. London: Intellectual Property Office.
- Common Sense Media. 2015. The Common Sense Census: Media use by Tweens and Teens. Common Sense Media Inc. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/census_researchreport.pdf
- Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament on Audio visual Policy COM (90) 78 final, 21 February 1990.
- comScore. 2011. State of the U.S. Social Networking Market: Facebook Maintains Leadership Position, but Upstarts Gaining Traction. https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/State-of-the-U.S.-Social-Networking-Market-Facebook-Maintains-Leadership-Position-but-Upstarts-Gaining-Traction.
- comScore. 2013 U.S. Digital Future in Focus. https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations-and-Whitepapers/2013/2013-US-Digital-Future-in-Focus?cs_edgescape_cc=GB.
- Constine, J. 2015. Instagram Reinforces Ban on Nudity and Sharing Other People’s Photos. https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/16/instagram-rules/.
- Copyright Act of 1976, Title 17 U.S.C.
- Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
- Copyright Notice Number: 1/2014. 2015. Copyright Notice: Digital Images, Photographs and the Internet. London: Intellectual Property Office.
- Creation Records Ltd v News Group Newspapers Ltd [1997] E.M.L.R. 444 Ch D.
- Deming, L. 2017. “Reflections on the Idea/Expression Dichotomy in English Copyright Law.” Journal of Business Law 1: 71–96.
- Depoorter, B., A. Van Hiel, and S. Vanneste. 2010–2011. “Copyright Backlash.” Southern California Law Review 84: 1251–1292.
- Directive 2001 /29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the Harmonisation of Certain Aspects of Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society.
- Dixon, A. N., and M. F. Hansen. 1996. “The Berne Convention Enters the Digital Age.” European Intellectual Property Review 18 (11): 604–612.
- Drassinower, A. 2009. “From Distribution to Dialogue: Remarks on the Concept of Balance in Copyright Law.” The Journal of Corporation Law 34: 991–1007.
- Facebook. 2017. Second Quarter 2017 Results. https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2017/Q2/FB-Q2'17-Earnings-Release.pdf.
- The Fashion Law. 2012. Instagram’s New Terms Put SIMPLY. http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/instagrams-new-terms-put-simply?rq=instagram.
- Foucault, M., and P. Rainbow. 1984. The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon Books.
- Georgiades, E. 2018. “The Limitation of Copyright: Sharing Personal Images on Social Networks.” European Intellectual Property Review 40 (4): 230–242.
- Ginsburg, J. C. 2004. “The (New?) Right of Making Available to the Public.” In Intellectual Property in the New Millennium, Essays in Honour of William R. Cornish, edited by D. Vaver, and L. Bently, 234–247. Cambridge University Press.
- Groves, P. 1991. Copyright and Designs Law: A Question of Balance. London: Graham and Trotman Ltd.
- Hansard. 2010. Second Reading of the Digital Economy Bill [Lords]: as per the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport Mr. Ben Bradshaw. Column 836.
- Hanway, S., and L. Lyons. 2003. Teens OK with Letting Music Downloads Play Gallup Poll. http://www.gallup.com/poll/9373/teens-letting-music-downloads-play.aspx.
- Hardy, T. 1997. “Computer RAM Copies: A Hit or a Myth? Historical Perspectives on Caching as a Microcosm of Current Copyright Concerns.” University of Dayton Law Review 22: 423–621.
- Hargreaves, I. 2011. Digital Opportunity; A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth. London: Intellectual Property Office.
- Heinonen, K. 2011. “Consumer Activity in Social Media: Managerial Approaches to Consumers’ Social Media Behavior.” Journal of Consumer Behaviour 10 (6): 356–364. doi: 10.1002/cb.376
- Henderson, A., and R. Bowley. 2010. “Authentic Dialogue? The Role of “Friendship” in a Social Media Recruitment Campaign.” Journal of Communication Management 14 (3): 237–257.
- Hennig-Thurau, T., K. P. Gwinner, G. Walsh, and D. D. Gremler. 2004. “Electronic Word-of Mouth Via Consumer-opinion Platforms: What Motivates Consumers to Articulate Themselves on the Internet?” Journal of Interactive Marketing 18 (1): 38–52.
- Hoge v Schmalfeldt, Civil Action No. ELH-14-1683 (US District Court for the District of Maryland, July 1, 2014).
- Hu, Y., L. Manikonda, and S. Kambhampati. 2014. “What we Instagram: A First Analysis of Instagram Photo Content and User Types.” Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, ICWSM 2014: 595–598.
- Hughes, D. J., M. Rowe, M. Batey, and A. Lee. 2012. “A Tale of Two Sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the Personality Predictors of Social Media Usage.” Computers in Human Behavior 28 (2): 561–569. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.001
- Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening Case C–5/08 ECLI:EU:C:2009:465.
- Instagram. 2013. Terms of Use. https://help.instagram.com/478745558852511.
- Instagram Press. 2017. Instagram’s 2017 Year In Review. https://instagram-press.com/blog/2017/11/29/instagrams-2017-year-in-review/.
- Jones, R. 2010. “Intellectual Property Reform for the Internet Generation: An Accident Waiting to Happen.” European Journal of Law and Technology 1 (2): 1–17.
- Kalyanaraman, S., and S. Sundar. 2008. “Portrait of the Portal as a Metaphor: Explicating Web Portals for Communication Research.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 85 (2): 239–256. doi: 10.1177/107769900808500202
- Kantar Media. 2015. Online Copyright Infringement Tracker Wave 5 (Covering Period March – May 2015) Overview and Key Findings. London: Intellectual Property Office. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/449592/new_OCI_doc_290715.pdf.
- Kantrowitz. 2016. Instagram Extends Video Length Limit To 60 Seconds. https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexkantrowitz/instagram-extends-video-length-limit-to-60-seconds?utm_term=.wg6a99314Q#.prqwOORMok.
- Kaplan, A. M., and M. Haenlein. 2010. “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media.” Business Horizons 53 (1): 59–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
- Keane, B. 2013. “Ill Communication? The Concept of a Communication to the Public Under EU Copyright Law.” Entertainment Law Review 24 (5): 165–171.
- Knibbs, K. 2014. “Instagram is Growing Faster than Twitter, Facebook and Pinterest Combined.” Digital Trends, January 21. http://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/instagram-is-growing-faster-than-twitter-facebook-and-pinterest-combined-in-2013/#!bptq2F.
- Kwak, H., C. Lee, H. Park, and S. Moon. 2010. “What is Twitter, Social Network or a News Media?” WWW 10: 591–600.
- Laddie, H., P. S. Prescott, and M. Vitoria. 2011. The Modern Law of Copyright and Designs. London: Butterworths Law.
- Leiner, B. M., V. G. Cerf, D. D. Clark, R. E. Kahn, L. Kleinrock, D. C. Lynch, J. Postel, L. G. Roberts, and S. Wolff. n.d. Brief History of the Internet. http://www.Internetsociety.org/Internet/what-Internet/history-Internet/brief-history-Internet.
- Lessig, L. 1999. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.
- Lessig, L. 2008. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. New York: Penguin Press.
- Levine, R. 2012. Free Ride; How the Internet is Destroying the Culture Business and How it can Fight Back. London: Vintage.
- Levy, A. 2017. Instagram Is Set to Make a Killing in Advertising in 2017. https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/03/26/instagram-is-set-to-make-a-killing-in-advertising.aspx.
- Lewis, Jan., and R. Zarrell. 2016. “I Photoshopped Kanye Kissing Himself and a Famous Artist Reportedly made $100,000 off it.” Buzzfeed. https://www.buzzfeed.com/jenlewis/the-life-of-kanye-kissing-kanye?utm_term=.meAYd8OW0#.haKzPGbE6.
- Lewis, Jessica. 2016. “With Love and Kisses: Nothing Lasts Forever: An Examination of the Social and Artistic Antiquation of Moral Rights.” International Journal of Cultural Property 23: 267–294. doi: 10.1017/S0940739116000151
- Liu, D. 2014. “Of Originality: Originality in English Copyright Law: Past and Present.” European Intellectual Property Review 36 (6): 376–389.
- Livingstone, S. 1999. “New Media, New Audiences?” New Media and Society 1 (1): 59–66. doi: 10.1177/1461444899001001010
- Lundell, L. 2015. “Copyright and Social Media: A Legal Analysis of Terms for use of Photo Sharing Sites.” PhD diss., Jönköping University.
- Mangold, W. G., and D. J. Faulds. 2009. “Social Media: The New Hybrid Element of the Promotion Mix.” Business Horizons 52 (4): 357–365. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2009.03.002
- McQuail, D. 2011. McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Miller, D. 2015. Instagram Etiquette for Businesses: The Art of Reposting. https://www.agorapulse.com/blog/instagram-etiquette-ugc.
- Mir, I., and A. Zaheer. 2012. “Verification of Social Impact Theory Claims in Social Media Context.” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce 17 (1): 1–15.
- Mollick, E. 2006. “Establishing Moore’s Law.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 28 (3): 62–75. doi: 10.1109/MAHC.2006.45
- The Monkey Selfie case. Naruto, A Crested Macaque, by and Through his Next Friends, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc., and Antje Engelhardt, Ph.D. Vs David John Slater, United States District Court, Northern District of California, Case No.: 15-Cv-4324.
- Moreau, E. 2018. What Is Snapchat? An Intro to the Popular Ephemeral App. https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-snapchat-3485908.
- Ngai, E. W., K. L. K. Moon, S. S. Lam, E. S. Chin, and S. S. Tao. 2015. “Social Media Models, Technologies, and Applications: An Academic Review and Case Study.” Industrial Management and Data Systems 115 (5): 769–802. doi: 10.1108/IMDS-03-2015-0075
- Nielsen-Wire. 2009. Global Faces and Networked Places A Nielsen Report on Social Networking's New Global. http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/newswire/uploads/2009/03/nielsen_globalfaces_mar09.pdf.
- Ofcom. 2012. Adults Media use and Attitudes Report. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0028/74773/adults-media-use-2012.pdf.
- Ofcom. 2016. Adults' Media use and Attitudes. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/80828/2016-adults-media-use-and-attitudes.pdf.
- Palfrey, J., U. Gasse, M. Simun, and R. F. Barns. 2009. “Youth, Creativity and Copyright in the Digital Age.” International Journal of Learning and Media 1 (2): 79–97. doi: 10.1162/ijlm.2009.0022
- Panzarino, M. 2013. Instagram Cracks Down on Connected Apps using ‘Insta’ and ‘Gram’. https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/19/instagram-cracks-down-on-connected-apps-using-insta-and-gram/.
- Park, N., K. F. Lee, and S. Valenzuela. 2009. “Being Immersed in Social Networking Environment: Facebook Groups, Uses and Gratifications, and Social Outcomes.” CyberPsychology and Behavior 12 (6): 729–733. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2009.0003
- Patel, N. 2016. Which Social Media Accounts really Matter and Why. https://neilpatel.com/blog/which-social-accounts-matter/.
- Peitz, M., and J. Waldfogel. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Digital Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Pew Research Center’s Internet Project. 2013. http://www.pewInternet.org/files/old-media//Files/Reports/2013/PIP_Photos%20and%20videos%20online_102813.pdf.
- Raacke, J., and J. Bonds-Raacke. 2008. “MySpace and Facebook: Applying the Uses and Gratifications Theory to Exploring Friend-networking Sites.” CyberPsychology & Behaviour 11 (2): 169–174.
- Rahmatian, A. 2016. “European Copyright Inside or Outside the European Union: Pluralism of Copyright Laws and the ‘Herderian Paradox’.” ICC 47 (8): 912–940.
- Rainie, L., J. Brenner and K. Purcell. 2012. Photos and Videos as Social Currency Online. http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/09/13/photos-and-videos-as-social-currency-online/.
- Red Bus Case. Temple Island Collections Ltd v New English Teas [2012] EWPCC 1.
- Rosati, E. 2010. “Originality in US and UK Copyright Experiences as a Springboard for an EU-Wide Reform Debate.” IIC 41 (5): 524–543.
- SABIP. 2009. “Copycats? Digital Consumers in the Online Age.” CIBER, University College London, 37–38.
- Sarvas, R., and D. M. Frohlich. 2011. From Snapshots to Social Media – The Changing Picture of Domestic Photography. London: Springer.
- Schlackman, S. 2014. Who Owns the Copyright in the Now Famous Oscar Selfie? https://alj.orangenius.com/owns-copyright-now-famous-oscar-selfie
- Sherman, B., and L. Bentley. 1999. The Making of Modern Intellectual Property. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Smith, P. R., and Z. Zook. 2011. Marketing Communications: Integrating Offline and Online with Social Media. London: Kogan Page Ltd.
- Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de Espana (SGAE) v Rafael Hoteles SL [2006] E.CR. I-11519, C-306/05.
- Spelling Goldberg v BPC Publishing [1981] FSR 280.
- Statista. 2017. Number of Daily Active Instagram Users from October 2016 to September 2017 (in Millions). https://www.statista.com/statistics/657823/number-of-daily-active-instagram-users/.
- Statista Facebook Report. 2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/.
- Statista Global Usage Social Media. 2017a. https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/.
- Statista Twitter Usage. 2017b. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/.
- Systrom, K. 2012. Thank you and We're Listening, Instagram Blog. http://instagram.tumblr.com/post/38252135408/thank-you-and-were-listening.
- Tan, C. H. Y. 2015. “Technological ‘Nudges’ and Copyright on Social Media Sites.” Intellectual Property Quarterly 1: 62–78.
- Tapscott, D., and A. D. Williams. 2008. Wikinomics How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. London: Atlantic Books.
- TFL. 2017. Gigi Hadid has Been Slapped with a Copyright Infringement Lawsuit Over Instagram Post. http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/gigi-hadid-img-models-slapped-with-copyright-infringement-lawsuit-over-instagram-post.
- Thackeray, R., B. Neiger, C. Hanson, J. McKenzie. 2008. “Enhancing Promotional Strategies Within Social Marketing Programs: Use of Web 2.0 Social Media.” Social Marketing and Health Communication 9 (4): 338–343.
- Thornton, L. J. 2014. “The Photo is Live at Applifam: An Instagram Community Grapples with how Images Should be Used.” Visual Communication Quarterly 21: 72–82. doi: 10.1080/15551393.2014.928147
- University of London Press Ltd v University Tutorial Press Ltd [1916] 2 Ch 601.
- Urban, J. M., J. Karaganis, and B. L. Schofield. 2016. Notice and Takedown in Everyday Practice. Berkeley: Law University of California: 1: 147.
- Vaizey, E. 2016. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Social Networking: Photographs: Written question 12484, asked by Jim Shannon (Strangford) on 19 October 2015. https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2015-10-19/12484/.
- Van Santen, R., D. Khoe, and B. Vermeer. 2010. Technology that Will Change the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wauters, E., E. Lievens, and P. Valcke. 2014. “Towards a Better Protection of Social Media Users: A Legal Perspective on the Terms of Use of Social Networking Sites.” International Journal of Law and Information Technology 22 (3): 254–294.
- We Are Social. 2016. Digital in 2016. https://wearesocial.com/uk/special-reports/digital-in-2016.
- Xposure Photos (UK) Ltd., Vs. Khloe Kardashian, and Does 1 Through 10, United States District Court Central District of California, Case No.: 2:17-Cv-3088, Complaint for Copyright Infringement, Filed 04/25/2017.