Ownership, R&D and export intensities of automotive parts firms in East Asia

References

• Abramovitz , M. 1956 . Resource and output trends in the United States since 1870 . American economic review , 46 : 5 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amsden , A. 1985 . The division of labour is limited by the rate of growth of the market: the Taiwan machine tool industry in the 1970s . Cambridge journal of economics , 9 ( 3 ) : 271 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amsden , A. , Tschang , T. and Goto , A. 2001 . Tokyo : Asian Development Bank Institute . Do foreign companies conduct R&D in developing countries? Working Paper No. 14
   Google Scholar
• Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2002. Survey data on Asian industrial firms competitiveness. Manila
   Google Scholar
• Audretsch , D. 2002 . The dynamic role of small firms: evidence from US . Small business economics , 18 ( 1/3 ) : 13 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley , P. 2009 . The rise of Japanese multinationals: then and now . Asia Pacific business review , 15 ( 3 ) : 309 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell , J. 1995 . The globalization of technology: what remains of the product cycle model . Cambridge journal of economics , 19 : 155 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell , J. and Mudambi , R. 2005 . MNE competence-creating subsidiary mandates . Strategic management journal , 26 ( 12 ) : 1109 – 1128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosi , G. 1982 . Technological paradigms and technological trajectories . Research policy , 11 ( 3 ) : 147 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning , J. 1958 . American investment in British manufacturing industry , London : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Dunning , J. 1974 . Economic analysis and the multinational enterprise , London : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Dunning , J. 1979 . Explaining changing patterns of international production: in defence of the eclectic theory . Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics , 41 : 269 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning , J.H. 1994 . Multinational enterprises and globalisation of innovation capacity . Research policy , 23 ( 1 ) : 67 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edquist, C., 2001. The systems of innovation approach and innovation policy: an account of the state of the art, Paper presented at the DRUID Conference, Aalborg, 12–15 June
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, D., 2006. Innovation offshoring: Asia's emerging role in global innovation networks, East-West Center Special Report 10, East-West Center, Hawaii
   Google Scholar
• Ernst , D. , Ganiatsos , T. and Mytelka , L. 1998 . Technological capabilities and export success: lessons from East Asia , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Fransman , M. 1986 . International competitiveness, technical change and the state: the machine tool industry in Taiwan and Japan . World development , 14 ( 12 ) : 1375 – 1396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , C. 1988 . “ Japan: a new national system of innovation? ” . In Technical change and economic theory , Edited by: Dosi , G. , Freeman , C. , Nelson , R. , Silverberg , G. and Soete , L. 330 – 348 . London : Pinter Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , C. 1987 . Technology policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan , London : Frances Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , C. 1989 . New technology and catching-up . European journal of development research , 1 ( 1 ) : 85 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Frobel , F. , Heinrich , J. and Kreye , O. 1980 . The new international division of labour , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fukasaku , Y. 1992 . Technology development in pre-war Japan: Mitsubishi Nagasaki shipyard , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hatani , F. 2009 . Pre-clusterization in emerging markets: the Toyota group's entry process in China . Asia Pacific business review , 15 ( 3 ) : 369 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helleiner , G.K. 1973 . Manufactured exports from less developed countries and multinational firms . Economic journal , 83 : 21 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman , A. 1958 . The strategy of economic development , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman , A. 1970 . Exit, voice and loyalty: responses to decline in firms, organizations, and state , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman , A. 1977 . The passions and the interests: political arguments for capitalism before its triumph , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hobday , M. 1996 . Innovation in South-East Asia: lessons for Europe? . Management decision , 34 ( 9 ) : 71 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , H. and You , P.S. , eds. 1969 . Foreign investment and industrialization in Singapore , Madison : The University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hymer , S. 1976 . The international operations of national firms: a study of direct foreign investment , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaldor , N. 1957 . A model of economic growth . Economic journal , 67 : 591 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lall , S. 1979 . The international allocation of research activity by US multinationals . Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford , 41 ( 4 ) : 313 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lall , S. 1987 . Learning to industrialize: the acquisition of technological capability by India , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Lall , S. 1992 . Technological capabilities and industrialization . World development , 20 ( 2 ) : 165 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lall , S. 1996 . Learning from the Asian Tigers , Basingstoke, UK : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Lall , S. 2001 . Competitiveness, technology and skills , Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Lall , S. and Streeten , P. 1977 . Foreign direct investment in developing economies , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall , B.A. 1988 . “ Innovation as an interactive process: from user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation ” . In Technical change and economic geography , Edited by: Dosi , G. , Freeman , C. , Silverberg , G. and Soete , L. 349 – 369 . London : Frances Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall , B.A. 1992 . National systems of innovation: towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning , London : Frances Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Malaysia, 2004. Science and technology data, Unpublished. Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
   Google Scholar
• Mathews , J. and Cho , D.S. 2000 . Tiger technology: the creation of a semiconductor industry in East Asia , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Narula , R. and Dunning , J. 2000 . Industrial development, globalisation and multinational enterprises: new realities for developing countries . Oxford development studies , 28 ( 2 ) : 141 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , R. 1993 . National innovation systems , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , R.R. and Winter , S.G. 1982 . An evolutionary theory of economic change , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pavitt , K. 1984 . Sectoral patterns of technological change: towards a taxonomy and a theory . Research policy , 13 ( 6 ) : 343 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasada , R. 2000 . Globalization of corporate R & D: implications for innovation systems in host countries , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pratten , C. 1971 . Economies of scale in manufacturing industry , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rasiah , R. 1994 . Flexible production systems and local machine tool subcontracting: electronics transnationals in Malaysia . Cambridge journal of economics , 18 ( 3 ) : 279 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasiah , R. 2004 . Technological capabilities in Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia and Thailand: does network strength matter? . Oxford development studies , 32 ( 3 ) : 433 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasiah , R. 2009 . Technological capabilities of automotive firms in Indonesia and Malaysia . Asian economic papers , 8 ( 1 ) : 151 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , F. 1992 . International high-technology competition , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , F.M. 1980 . Industrial market structure and economic performance , Chicago, IL : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Schumpeter , J.A. 1934 . The theory of economic development , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1776 . The wealth of the nations , London : Strahan and Cadell .
   Google Scholar
• Taiwan . 2004 . Investment statistics, unpublished , Taipei : Central Bank of Taiwan .
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD . 2005 . World investment report: transnational corporations and the internationalization of R&D , Geneva : United Nations Conference for Trade and Development .
   Google Scholar
• UNU-MERIT . 2002 . “ Survey data on Malaysian industrial firms, compiled by the Institute for New Technologies (INTECH) and DCT ” . Penang, Malaysia : UNU-INTECH .
   Google Scholar
• Vernon , R. 1966 . International trade and international investment in the product cycle . Quarterly journal of economics , 80 ( 2 ) : 190 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon , R. 1971 . Sovereignty at bay: the multinational spread of US enterprises , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2003 . World development indicators , Washington DC : World Bank Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Young , A. 1928 . Increasing returns and economic progress . Economic journal , 38 ( 152 ) : 527 – 542 .
   Google Scholar