References
- Aaker, J. L., and A. Y. Lee. 2001. ““I” Seek Pleasures and “We” Avoid Pains: The Role of Self-Regulatory Goals in Information Processing and Persuasion.” Journal of Consumer Research 28 (1): 33–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/321946.
- Ahmadi, S., S. Khanagha, L. Berchicci, and J. J. Jansen. 2017. “Are Managers Motivated to Explore in the Face of a New Technological Change? The Role of Regulatory Focus, Fit, and Complexity of Decision-Making.” Journal of Management Studies 54 (2): 209–237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12257.
- Aiken, L. S., and S. G. West. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. London: Sage.
- Alessandri, T. M., and A. Seth. 2014. “The Effects of Managerial Ownership on International and Business Diversification: Balancing Incentives and Risks.” Strategic Management Journal 35: 2064–2075. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2222.
- Amihud, Y., and B. Lev. 1981. “Risk Reduction as a Managerial Motive for Conglomerate Mergers.” Bell Journal of Economics 12 (2): 605–617. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3003575.
- Anderson, J. C., and D. W. Gerbing. 1988. “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach.” Psychological Bulletin 103: 411–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
- Armstrong, J. S., and T. S. Overton. 1977. “Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys.” Journal of Marketing Research 14: 396–402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377701400320.
- Avnet, T., and E. T. Higgins. 2006. “How Regulatory Fit Affects Value in Consumer Choices and Opinions.” Journal of Marketing Research 43: 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.43.1.1.
- Barker, V. L., and G. C. Mueller. 2002. “CEO Characteristics and Firm R&D Spending.” Management Science 48 (6): 782–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.6.782.187.
- Beatty, R. P., and E. J. Zajac. 1994. “Managerial Incentives, Monitoring, and Risk Bearing: A Study of Executive Compensation, Ownership, and Board Structure in Initial Public Offerings.” Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (2): 313–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2393238.
- Berle, A. A., and G. C. Means. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
- Berry, T. K., J. M. Bizjak, M. L. Lemmon., and L. Naveen. 2006. “Organizational Complexity and CEO Labor Markets: Evidence from Diversified Firms.” Journal of Corporate Finance 12: 797–817. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2005.04.001.
- Bleda, M., A. Querbes, and M. Healey. 2021.“The Influence of Motivational Factors on Ongoing Product Design Decisions.” Journal of Business Research 129: 562–569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.018.
- Boone, A. L., L. C. Field, J. M. Karpoff, and C. G. Raheja. 2007. “The Determinants of Corporate Board Size and Composition: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Financial Economics 85: 66–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.05.004.
- Carver, C. S., S. K. Sutton, and M. F. Scheier. 2000. “Action, Emotion and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26: 741–751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200268008.
- Certo, S. T., C. M. Daily, A. A. Canella, and D. R. Dalton. 2003. “Giving Money to Get Money: How CEO Stock Options and CEO Equity Enhance IPO Valuations.” Academy of Management Journal 46: 643–653.
- Chang, Y. Y. 2018. “Charismatic Leadership in IT Firms in Taiwan: An Empirical Study.” Asia Pacific Business Review 24 (1): 53–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2017.1334416.
- Chen, W. R. 2008. “Determinants of Firms’ Backward-and Forward-Looking R&D Search Behavior.” Organization Science 19: 609–622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0320.
- Chen, W. R., and K. D. Miller. 2007. “Situational and Institutional Determinants of Firms’ R&D Search Intensity.” Strategic Management Journal 28: 369–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.594.
- Chng, D. H. M., M. Rogers, E. Shih, and X. Song. 2012. “When Does Incentive Compensation Motivate Managerial Behaviors? An Experimental Investigation of the Fit between Incentive Compensation, Executive Core Self-Evaluation, and Firm Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 33: 1343–1362. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1981.
- Coles, J. L., N. D. Daniel, and L. Naveen. 2008. “Boards: Does One Size Fit All?” Journal of Financial Economics 87: 329–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.08.008.
- Core, J., and W. Guay. 1999. “The Use of Equity Grants to Manage Optimal Equity Incentive Levels.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 28: 151–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(99)00019-1.
- Cunningham, W. A., C. L. Raye, and M. K. Johnson. 2005. “Neural Correlates of Evaluation Associated with Promotion and Prevention Regulatory Focus.” Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 5: 202–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.5.2.202.
- Cycyota, C. S., and D. A. Harrison. 2002. “Enhancing Survey Response Rates at the Executive Level: Are Employee-or Consumer-Level Techniques Effective?” Journal of Management 28 (2): 151–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800202.
- Cyert, R. M., and J. G. March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- De Vries, J., R. De Koster, and D. Stam. 2016. “Aligning Order Picking Methods, Incentive Systems, and Regulatory Focus to Increase Performance.” Production and Operations Management 25 (8): 1363–1376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12547.
- Deb, P., and J. Wiklund. 2017. “The Effects of CEO Founder Status and Stock Ownership on Entrepreneurial Orientation in Small Firms.” Journal of Small Business Management 55 (1): 32–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12231.
- Denis, D., D. Denis, and A. Sarin. 1997. “Agency Problems, Equity Ownership, and Corporate Diversification.” Journal of Finance 52: 135–160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03811.x.
- Devers, C. E., A. A. Cannella, G. P. Reilly, and M. E. Yoder. 2007. “Executive Compensation: A Multidisciplinary Review of Recent Developments.” Journal of Management 33: 1016–1072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308588.
- Devers, C. E., G. McNamara, R. M. Wiseman, and M. Arrfelt. 2008. “Moving Closer to the Action: Examining Compensation Design Effects on Firm Risk.” Organization Science 19 (4): 548–566. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0317.
- Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review.” Academy of Management Review 14 (1): 57–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4279003.
- Elliot, A. J. 1999. “Approach and Avoidance Motivation and Achievement Goals.” Educational Psychologist 34 (3): 169–189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3.
- Elliot, A. J., and M. A. Church. 1997. “A Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Achievement Motivation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1): 218–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218.
- Elliot, A. J., and M. V. Covington. 2001. “Approach and Avoidance Motivation.” Educational Psychology Review 13: 73–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009009018235.
- Elliot, A. J., and T. M. Thrash. 2002. “Approach/avoidance Motivation in Personality: Approach and Avoidance Temperaments and Goals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82: 804–818. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804.
- Esty, B. C. 1997. “Organizational Form and Risk Taking in the Savings and Loan Industry.” Journal of Financial Economics 44 (1): 22–25.
- Fama, E., and M. C. Jensen. 1983. “Agency Problems and Residual Claims.” The Journal of Law & Economics 26 (2): 327–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/467038.
- Ferris, D. L., R. E. Johnson, C. C. Rosen, E. Djurdjevic, C. H. Chang, and J. A. Tan. 2013. “When is Success Not Satisfying? Integrating Regulatory Focus and Approach/avoidance Motivation Theories to Explain the Relation between Core Self-Evaluation and Job Satisfaction.” Journal of Applied Psychology 98: 342–353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029776.
- Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics.” Journal of Marketing Research 18: 382–388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313.
- Förster, J., E. T. Higgins, and A. T. Bianco. 2003. “Speed/accuracy Decisions in Task Performance: Built-in Trade-Off or Separate Strategic Concerns?” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 90: 148–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00509-5.
- Förster, J., E. T. Higgins, and L. C. Idson. 1998. “Approach and Avoidance Strength during Goal Attainment: Regulatory Focus and The” Goal Looms Larger” Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 1115–1131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1115.
- Förster, J., H. Grant, L. C. Idson, and E. T. Higgins. 2001. “Success/failure Feedback, Expectancies, and Approach/avoidance Motivation: How Regulatory Focus Moderates Classic Relations.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37 (3): 253–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2000.1455.
- Frey, D. 1986. “Recent Research on Selective Exposure to Information.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 19: 41–80.
- Frijns, B., A. Gilbert, T. Lehnert, and A. Tourani-Rad. 2013. “Uncertainty Avoidance, Risk Tolerance and Corporate Takeover Decisions.” Journal of Banking & Finance 37 (7): 2457–2471. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.02.010.
- Gamache, D. L., G. McNamara, M. J. Mannor, and R. E. Johnson. 2015. “Motivated to Acquire? The Impact of CEO Regulatory Focus on Firm Acquisitions.” Academy of Management Journal 58: 1261–1282. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0377.
- Geletkanycz, M. 1997. “The Salience of ‘Culture’s Consequences’: The Effects of Cultural Values on Top Executive Commitment to the Status Quo.” Strategic Management Journal 18: 615–634. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199709)18:8<615::AID-SMJ889>3.0.CO;2-I.
- George, G., J. Wiklund, and S. A. Zahra. 2005. “Ownership and the Internationalization of Small Firms.” Journal of Management 31: 210–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271760.
- Gerbing, D. W., and J. C. Anderson. 1988. “An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment.” Journal of Marketing Research 25: 186–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500207.
- Goranova, M., T. M. Alessandri, P. Brandes, and R. Dharwadkar. 2007. “Managerial Ownership and Corporate Diversification: A Longitudinal View.” Strategic Management Journal 28: 211–225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.570.
- Greve, H. R. 1998. “Performance, Aspirations, and Risky Organizational Change.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44: 58–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2393591.
- Greve, H. R. 2003. “A Behavioral Theory of R&D Expenditures and Innovations: Evidence from Shipbuilding.” Academy of Management Journal 46: 685–702.
- Guest, P. M. 2008. “The Determinants of Board Size and Composition: Evidence from the UK.” Journal of Corporate Finance 14: 51–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2008.01.002.
- Hall, B. J., and K. J. Murphy. 2002. “Stock Options for Undiversified Executives.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 33: 3–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00050-7.
- Hambrick, D. C. 2007. “Upper Echelons Theory: An Update.” Academy of Management Review 32 (2): 334–343. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24345254.
- Hambrick, D. C., and P. A. Mason. 1984. “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers.” Academy of Management Review 9 (2): 193–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628.
- Higgins, E. T. 1997. “Beyond Pleasure and Pain.” American Psychologist 52: 1280–1300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280.
- Higgins, E. T. 1998. “Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as a Motivational Principle.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 30: 1–46.
- Higgins, E. T. 2000. “Making a Good Decision: Value from Fit.” American Psychologist 55: 1217–1230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1217.
- Higgins, E. T. 2002. “How Self-Regulation Creates Distinct Values: The Case of Promotion and Prevention Decision Making.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 12: 177–191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1203_01.
- Higgins, E. T., C. J. Roney, E. Crowe, and C. Hymes. 1994. “Ideal versus Ought Predilections for Approach and Avoidance Distinct Self-Regulatory Systems.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 (2): 276–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.276.
- Hiller, N. J., and D. C. Hambrick. 2005. “Conceptualizing Executive Hubris: The Role of (hyper‐) Core Self‐evaluations in Strategic Decision‐making.” Strategic Management Journal 26 (4): 297–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.455.
- Himmelberg, C. P., R. G. Hubbard, and D. Palia. 1999. “Understanding the Determinants of Managerial Ownership.” Journal of Financial Economics 53: 353–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(99)00025-2.
- Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson, and H. Kim. 1997. “International Diversification: Effects on Innovation and Firm Performance in Product-Diversified Firms.” Academy of Management Journal 40: 767–798.
- Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work- Related Values. 2nd ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
- Holmstrom, B. 1979. “Moral Hazard and Observability.” Bell Journal of Economics 10 (1): 74–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3003320.
- Hoskisson, R. E., M. A. Hitt, R. A. Johnson, and D. D. Moesel. 1993. “Construct Validity of an Objective (Entropy) Categorical Measure of Diversification Strategy.” Strategic Management Journal 14 (3): 215–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140305.
- House, R. J., P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, and V. Gupta, eds. 2004. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 64 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Huang, H. H., and C. Y. Chan. 2018. “Firms’ Performance following the Initial Resignation of Independent Directors: Evidence from Taiwan.” Asia Pacific Business Review 24 (5): 714–729. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2018.1423721.
- Idson, L. C., N. Liberman, and E. T. Higgins. 2000. “Distinguishing Gains from Nonlosses and Losses from Nongains: A Regulatory Focus Perspective on Hedonic Intensity.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 36 (3): 252–274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1402.
- Ilies, R., and T. A. Judge. 2005. “Goal Regulation across Time: The Effects of Feedback and Affect.” Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (3): 453–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.453.
- Jensen, M. C., and W. Meckling. 1976. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics 3 (4): 305–360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X.
- Johnson, P. D., M. B. Smith, J. C. Wallace, A. D. Hill, and R. A. Baron. 2015. “A Review of Multilevel Regulatory Focus in Organizations.” Journal of Management 41: 1501–1529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575552.
- Johnson, R. E., and C. H. Chang. 2008. “Development and Validation of a Work-Based Regulatory Focus Scale.” Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, San Francisco, CA.
- Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Choice under Risk.” Econometrica 47 (2): 263–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185.
- Kanuk, L., and C. Berenson. 1975. “Mail Surveys and Response Rates: A Literature Review.” Journal of Marketing Research 12: 440–453. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377501200408.
- Kardes, F. R., M. L. Cronley, J. J. Kellaris, and S. S. Posavac. 2004. “The Role of Selective Information Processing in Price-Quality Inference.” Journal of Consumer Research 31: 368–374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/422115.
- Kim, E. H., and Y. Lu. 2011. “CEO Ownership, External Governance, and Risk-Taking.” Journal of Financial Economics 102: 272–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.07.002.
- Klingebiel, R. 2018. “Risk-Type Preference Shifts in Response to Performance Feedback.” Strategic Organization 16 (2): 141–166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127017702568.
- Knight, F. H. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
- Larcker, D. F. 1983. “The Association between Performance Plan Adoption and Corporate Capital Investment.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 5: 3–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(83)90003-4.
- Larraza-Kintana, M., R. M. Wiseman, L. R. Gomez-Mejia, and T. M. Welbourne. 2007. “Disentangling Compensation and Employment Risks Using the Behavioral Agency Model.” Strategic Management Journal 28 (10): 1001–1019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.624.
- Lee, A. Y., J. L. Aaker, and W. L. Gardner. 2000. “The Pleasures and Pains of Distinct Self-Construals: The Role of Interdependence in Regulatory Focus.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (6): 1122–1134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1122.
- Li, J., and Y. I. Tang. 2010. “CEO Hubris and Firm Risk Taking in China: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion.” Academy of Management Journal 53 (1): 45–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48036912.
- Li, Y., and M. Singal. 2019. “Firm Performance in the Hospitality Industry: Do CEO Attributes and Compensation Matter?” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 43 (2): 272–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018776453.
- Liang, H., Y. Xue, and L. Wu. 2013. “Ensuring Employees’ IT Compliance: Carrot or Stick?” Information Systems Research 24 (2): 279–294. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1120.0427.
- Lim, E. 2018. “Social Pay Reference Point, External Environment, and Risk Taking: An Integrated Behavioral and Social Psychological View.” Journal of Business Research 82: 68–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.001.
- Lim, E. N., and B. T. McCann. 2014. “Performance Feedback and Firm Risk Taking: The Moderating Effects of CEO and outside Director Stock Options.” Organization Science 25 (1): 262–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0830.
- Linck, J. S., J. M. Netter, and T. Yang. 2008. “The Determinants of Board Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics 87: 308–328. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.03.004.
- MacCrimmon, K. R., and D. A. Wehrung. 1990. “Characteristics of Risk Taking Executives.” Management Science 36: 422–435. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.36.4.422.
- Malhorta, N. K. 1982. “Information Load and Consumer Decision Making.” Journal of Consumer Research 8 (4): 419–430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/208882.
- Malmendier, U., and G. Tate. 2005. “CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment.” Journal of Finance 60: 2661–2700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00813.x.
- Manner, M. H. 2010. “The Impact of CEO Characteristics on Corporate Social Performance.” Journal of Business Ethics 93: 53–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0626-7.
- March, J. G., and H. A. Simon. 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley.
- Martin, G. P., L. R. Gomez-Mejia, and R. M. Wiseman. 2013. “Executive Stock Options as Mixed Gambles: Revisiting the Behavioral Agency Model.” Academy of Management Journal 56: 451–472. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0967.
- May, D. O. 1995. “Do Managerial Motives Influence Firm Risk Reduction Strategies?” The Journal of Finance 50 (4): 1291–1308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb04059.x.
- Miller, K. D., and P. Bromiley. 1990. “Strategic Risk and Corporate Performance: An Analysis of Alternative Risk Measures.” Academy of Management Journal 33 (4): 756–779.
- Mitton, T. 2002. “A Cross-Firm Analysis of the Impact of Corporate Governance on the East Asia Financial Crisis.” Journal of Financial Economics 64 (2): 215–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(02)00076-4.
- Nakano, M., and P. Nguyen. 2012. “Board Size and Corporate Risk Taking: Further Evidence from Japan.” Corporate Governance: An International Review 20: 369–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2012.00924.x.
- O’Brien, J. P., and P. David. 2014. “Reciprocity and R&D Search: Applying the Behavioral Theory of the Firm to a Communitarian Context.” Strategic Management Journal 35: 550–565. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2105.
- Opper, S., V. Nee, and H. J. Holm. 2017. “Risk Aversion and Guanxi Activities: A Behavioral Analysis of CEOs in China.” Academy of Management Journal 60 (4): 1504–1530. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0355.
- Page, T. B. 2018. “CEO Attributes, Compensation, and Firm Value: Evidence from a Structural Estimation.” Journal of Financial Economics 128 (2): 378–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.02.006.
- Patel, P. C., and D. Cooper. 2014. “The Harder They Fall, the Faster They Rise: Approach and Avoidance Focus in Narcissistic CEOs.” Strategic Management Journal 35 (10): 1528–1540. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2162.
- Pham, M. T., and E. T. Higgins. 2005. ““Promotion and Prevention in Consumer Decision-Making.” The State of the Art and Theoretical Propositions.” In Inside Consumption, edited by S. Ratneshwar and D. G. Mick, 8–43. New York: Routledge.
- Pham, M. T., and H. H. Chang. 2010. “Regulatory Focus, Regulatory Fit, and the Search and Consideration of Choice Alternatives.” Journal of Consumer Research 37 (4): 626–640. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/655668.
- Pham, M. T., and T. Avnet. 2004. “Ideals and Oughts and the Reliance on Affect versus Substance in Persuasion.” Journal of Consumer Research 30 (4): 503–518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/380285.
- Reed, R., and J. A. Sharp. 1987. “Confirmation of the Specialization Ratio.” Applied Economics 19 (3): 393–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00036848700000010.
- Sanders, W. G. 2001. “Behavioral Responses of CEOs to Stock Ownership and Stock Option Pay.” Academy of Management Journal 44 (3): 477–492.
- Shah, J., T. Higgins, and R. S. Friedman. 1998. “Performance Incentives and Means: How Regulatory Focus Influences Goal Attainment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74: 285–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.285.
- Sitkin, S. B., and L. R. Weingart. 1995. “Determinants of Risky Decision-Making Behavior: A Test of the Mediatingrole of Risk Perceptions and Propensity.” Academy of Management Journal 38: 1573–1592.
- Skinner, D. J., and S. Srinivasan. 2012. “Audit Quality and Auditor Reputation: Evidence from Japan.” The Accounting Review 87: 1737–1765. doi:https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50198.
- Su, K., L. Li, and R. Wan. 2017. “Ultimate Ownership, Risk-Taking and Firm Value: Evidence from China.” Asia Pacific Business Review 23 (1): 10–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2016.1152021.
- Sun R., and N. Wilson.2011. Motivational Processes Within the Perception–Action Cycle. In Perception-Action Cycle, edited by V. Cutsuridis, A. Hussain, J. Taylor, 449–472. New York: Springer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1452-1_14.
- Thaler, R. H., and E. J. Hohnson. 1990. “Gambling with the House Money and Trying to Break Even: The Effects of Prior Outcomes on Risky Choice.” Management Science 36 (6): 643–766. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.36.6.643.
- Tyler, B. B., and H. K. Steensma. 1998. “The Effects of Executives’ Experiences and Perceptions on Their Assessment of Potential Technological Alliances.” Strategic Management Journal 19 (10): 939–965. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199810)19:10<939::AID-SMJ978>3.0.CO;2-Z.
- Van Dijk, D., and A. N. Kluger. 2011. “Task Type as A Moderator of Positive/negative Feedback Effects on Motivation and Performance: A Regulatory Focus Perspective.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 32: 1084–1105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.725.
- Vanacker, T., V. Collewaert, and S. A. Zahra. 2017. “Slack Resources, Firm Performance, and the Institutional Context: Evidence from Privately Held E Uropean Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 38 (6): 1305–1326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2583.
- Van‐Dijk, D., and A. N. Kluger. 2004. “Feedback Sign Effect on Motivation: Is It Moderated by Regulatory Focus?” Applied Psychology 53: 113–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00163.x.
- Wallace, J. C., L. M. Little, and A. Shull. 2008. “The Moderating Effects of Task Complexity on the Relationship between Regulatory Foci and Safety and Production Performance.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 13 (2): 95–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.2.95.
- Wang, J., and A. Y. Lee. 2006. “The Role of Regulatory Focus in Preference Construction.” Journal of Marketing Research 43: 28–38.
- Wei, Q., and C. Rowley. 2009. “Changing Patterns of Rewards in Asia: A Literature Review.” Asia Pacific Business Review 15 (4): 489–506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13602380802492919.
- Wiseman, R. M., and L. R. Gomez-Mejia. 1998. “A Behavioral Agency Model of Managerial Risk Taking.” Academy of Management Review 23 (1): 133–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.192967.
- Wiseman, R. M., and P. Bromiley. 1996. “Toward a Model of Risk in Declining Organizations: An Empirical Examination of Risk, Performance and Decline.” Organization Science 7 (5): 524–543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.7.5.524.
- Wood, R., A. Bandura, and T. Bailey. 1990. “Mechanisms Governing Organizational Performance in Complex Decision-Making Environments.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 46 (2): 181–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(90)90028-8.
- Wowak, A. J., and D. C. Hambrick. 2010. “A Model of Person-Pay Interaction: How Executives Vary in Their Responses to Compensation Arrangements.” Strategic Management Journal 31: 803–821.
- Wright, P., M. Kroll, A. Lado, and B. Van Ness. 2002. “The Structure of Ownership and Corporate Acquisition Strategies.” Strategic Management Journal 23: 41–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.208.
- Wright, P., M. Kroll, J. A. Krug, and M. Pettus. 2007. “Influences of Top Management Team Incentives on Firm Risk-Taking.” Strategic Management Journal 28: 81–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.548.
- Wright, P., S. P. Ferris, A. Sarin, and V. Awasthi. 1996. “Impact of Corporate Insider, Blockholder, and Institutional Equity Ownership on Firm Risk Taking.” Academy of Management Journal 39: 441–463.
- Wyer, R. S., and T. K. Srull. 1989. Social Intelligence and Cognitive Assessments of Personality. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Psychology Press.
- Yoon, Y., G. Sarial-Abi, and Z. Gürhan-Canli. 2012. “Effect of Regulatory Focus on Selective Information Processing.” Journal of Consumer Research 39: 93–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/661935.
- Zahra, S. A. 1996. “Goverance, Ownership, and Corporate Entrepreneurship: The Moderating Impact of Industry Technological Opportunities.” Academy of Management Journal 39 (6): 43–58.
- Zhang, H., A. Y. Ou, A. S. Tsui, and H. Wang. 2017. “CEO Humility, Narcissism and Firm Innovation: A Paradox Perspective on CEO Traits.” The Leadership Quarterly 28 (5): 585–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.003.