Spot On: The Role of Political Advertising in Australia

References

• AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] . 1985 . Election Funding and Financial Disclosure Report: Election 1984 , Canberra : AGPS .
   Google Scholar
• AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] . 1987 . Election Funding and Financial Disclosure Report: Election 1987 , Canberra : AGPS .
   Google Scholar
• AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] . 1990 . Election Funding and Financial Disclosure Report: Election 1990 , Canberra : AGPS .
   Google Scholar
• AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] . 1995 . Election Funding and Financial Disclosure Report: Election 1993 , Canberra : AGPS .
   Google Scholar
• AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] . 1996 . Election Funding and Financial Disclosure Report of the 1996 Election Canberra . Consulted 28 November 2000
   Google Scholar
• AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] . 1998 . "ABA Publishes Guidelines for the Broadcasting of Political Matter.' ” . Canberra Media release. . Consulted 27 April 2000
   Google Scholar
• AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] . 1999 . "Funding and Disclosure Report of the 1998 Federal Election.' ” . Canberra . . Consulted 28 November 2000
   Google Scholar
• Aitkin , D. 1977 . Stability and Change in Australian Politics , Canberra : Australian National University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ansolabehere , S. and Iyengar , S. 1995 . Going Negative: How Attack Ads Shrink and Polarize the Electorate , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Balloti , R.J.J. 1999 . "Verbal Style in Presidential Advertising: Computer Analysis of the 1996 Campaign Spots." ” . In The Electronic Election: Perspectives on the 1996 Campaign Communication , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Bystrom , D.G. Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . and London
   Google Scholar
• Bean , C. and McAllister , I. 1997 . "Short-term Influences on Voting Behaviour in the 1996 Election." ” . In The Politics of Retribution: The 1996 Federal Election , Edited by: Bean , C. , Simms , M. , Bennett , S. and Warhurst , J. St Leonards : Alien & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Bean , C. , Gow , D. and McAllister , I. 1998 . Australian Election Study 1998 , Canberra : Social Science Data Archives, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W.L. 1999 . Seeing Spots: A Functional Analysis of Presidential Television Advertisements, 1952-1996 , Westport : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Beresford , Q. 1998 . "Selling Democracy Short: Elections in the Age of the Market." . Current Affairs Bulletin , 74 (5) : 24 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Biocca , F. , ed. 1991 . Television and Political Advertising: Psychological Processes , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Boiney , J. and Paletz , D.L. 1991 . "In Search of the Model Model: Political Science versus Political Advertising Perspectives on Voter Decision Making." ” . In Television and Political Advertising: Psychological Processes, , Edited by: Biocca , F. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Brants , K. 1995 . "Political Advertising in the Netherlands.' ” . In Political Advertising in Western Democracies: Parties & Candidates on Television , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Holtz-Bacha , C. Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Braund , V. 1973 . "Timely Vibrations: Labor's Marketing Campaign." ” . In Labor to Power: Australia's 1972 Election, , Edited by: Mayer , H. Sydney : Angus & Robertson .
   Google Scholar
• Braund , V. 1978 . "Themes in Political Advertising: Australian Federal Election Campaigns 1949- 1972." ” . Sydney : Department of Government, University of Sydney . Unpublished Masters thesis
   Google Scholar
• Brystrom , D.G. and Miller , J.L. 1999 . "Gendered Communication Styles and Strategies in Campaign 1996: The Videostyles of Women and Men Candidates.' ” . In The Electronic Election: Perspectives on the 1996 Campaign Communication , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Bystrom , D.G. Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . and London
   Google Scholar
• Cavalier , R. 1997 . "An Insider on the Outside: A Personal View of Why Labor was Always Going to Lose the 1996 Federal Election.' ” . In The Politics of Retribution: The 1996 Federal Election , Edited by: Bean , C. , Simms , M. , Bennett , S. and Warhurst , J. St Leonards : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Christ , W.G. , Thorson , E. and Caywood , C. 1994 . "Do Attitudes Toward Political Advertising Affect Information Processing of Televised Political Commercials." . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 38 (3) : 251 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIA [Central Intelligence Agency] . 2001 . CIA World Factbook 2001 Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Crosby , L. 2000 . "The Liberal Party.' ” . In Howard's Agenda: The 1998 Australian Election , Edited by: Simms , M. and Warhurst , J. St Lucia : University of Queensland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , E. and Bates , S. 1984 . The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• FACTS [Federation of Australian Commercial Television Stations] . 1994 . Attitudes to the Media Sydney
   Google Scholar
• Forrest , J. and Marks , G.N. 1999 . "The Mass Media. Election Campaigning and Voter Response." . Parly Politics , 5 (1) : 99 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall-Jamieson , K. 1984 . Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall-Jamieson , K. 1986 . "The Evolution of Political Advertising in America." ” . In New Perspectives on Political Advertising , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. , Nimnio , D. and Saunders , K.R. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall-Jamieson , K. 1992 . Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , R.P. 1994 . Seducing America: How Television Charms the Modern Voter , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henningham , J. 1996 . "The Shape of Daily News: A Content Analysis of Australia's Metropolitan Newspapers." . Media International Australia , 79 : 22 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Hornery , A. 1998 . "$30m Fails to Buy a Bit of Biffo." . Sydney Morning Herald , 29 September
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. 1966 . "Electoral Behaviour." ” . In Australian Politics: A Reader , Edited by: Mayer , H. Melbourne : Cheshire .
   Google Scholar
• IAPC [International Association of Political Consultants] . 2001 . "Directory of Members." . Consulted 5 January 2001
   Google Scholar
• Jaensch , D. 1995 . Election! How and Why Australia Votes , St Leonards : Alien & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Jellie , D. 1998 . "The 10-Second Grab for Power." . Sydney Morning Herald , 29 September
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , K.S. and Elebash , C. 1986 . "The Contagion from the Right: The Americanization of British Political Advertising." ” . In New Perspectives on Political Advertising , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. , Ninirno , D. and Saunders , K.R. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Cartee , K.S. and Copeland , G.A. 1997 . Manipulation of the American Voter: Political Campaign Commercials , Westport : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Joslyn , R. 1980 . "The Content of Political Spot Ads." . Journalism Quarterly , 57 : 92 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joslyn , R. 1986 . "Political Advertising and the Meaning of Elections." ” . In New Perspectives on Political Advertising , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. , Ninirno , D. and Saunders , K.R. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• JSCEM [Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters] . 1989 . Who Pays the Piper Calls the Tune: Minimising the Risks of Funding Political Campaigns , Canberra : Parliament of Australia. .
   Google Scholar
• JSCER [Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform] . 1983 . First Report , Canberra : Parliament of Australia. .
   Google Scholar
• JSCER [Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform] . 1984 . Second Report , Canberra : Parliament of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. and Bystrom , D.G. , eds. 1999 . The Electronic Election: Perspectives on the 1996 Campaign Communication , London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. and Holtz-Bacha , C. , eds. 1995a . Political Advertising in Western Democracies: Parties & Candidates on Television , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. and Holtz-Bacha , C. 1995b . "Political Advertising across Cultures: Comparing Content. Styles and Effects." ” . In Political Advertising in Western Democracies: Parties & Candidates on Television , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Holtz-Bacha , C. Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. and Johnston , A. 2000 . Videostyle in Presidential Campaigns: Style and Content of Televised Political Advertising , Westport : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. , Lin , Y. and Noggle , G.A. 1999 . "The Effects of Technological Distortions on Voter Reactions to Televised Political Advertising." ” . In The Electronic Election: Perspectives on the 1996 Campaign Communication , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Bystrom , D.G. Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . and London
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. , Nimmo , D. and Saunders , K.R. 1986 . New Perspectives on Political Advertising , Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. and Tedesco , J.C. 1999a . "Presidential Candidate Presentation: Videostyle in the 1996 Presidential Spots." ” . In The Electronic Election: Perspectives on the 1996 Campaign Communication , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Bystrom , D.G. Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum. . and London
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. and Tedesco , J.C. 1999b . "Tracking Voter Reactions to the Television Advertising." ” . In The Electronic Election: Perspectives on the 1996 Campaign Communication , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Bystrom , D.G. Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . and London
   Google Scholar
• Kaid , L.L. , Tedesco , J.C. and McKinnon , L.M. 1996 . "Presidential Ads as Nightly News: A Content Analysis of 1988 and 1992 Televised Adwatches." . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 40 (3) : 297 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaldor , A. 1968 . "Liberal and Labor Press Advertising." . Australian Quarterly , 40 (2) : 40 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenip , D. 1993 . 'Defeated by Fear, Smear and Cynicism.' . Australian , 18 March
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , H. , ed. 1973 . Labor to Power: Australia's 1972 Election , Sydney : Angus & Robert son .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , H. 1980 . 'The Morality of Political Advertising.' . Journal of Marketing, Advertising and Communication , I (republished in 1994 in Mayer on the Media: Issues and Arguments, eds H. Mayer and R. Tiffen. St Leonards: Alien & Unwin)
   Google Scholar
• Mazzoleni , G. and Roper , C.S. 1995 . "Presentation of Italian Candidates and Parties.' ” . In Political Advertising in Western Democracies: Parties & Candidates on Television , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Holtz-Bacha , C. Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McAIlister , I. 1997 . "Political Behaviour.' ” . In Government, Politics, Power and Policy in Australia , Edited by: Woodward , D. , Parkin , A. and Summers , J. South Melbourne : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• McAIlister , I. and Mughan , A. 1987 . Australian Election Stud\ 1987 , Canberra : Social Science Data Archives, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , P. 1993 . 'The Men and their Messages: Election 93." . Australian Journal of Communication , 20 (2) : 14 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• McGregor , M. 1998 . "The Brutal Truth: Negative Works.' . Sydney Morning Herald , 29 September
   Google Scholar
• McLean , S. and Brennan , P. 1973 . "Press Advertising Strategies and Democracy.' ” . In Labor to Power: Australia's 1972 Election , Edited by: Mayer , H. Sydney : Angus & Robert son .
   Google Scholar
• McNicoll , D.D. 1993 . "A New Tax? Singo, that's it-There's No More to Ad.' . Australian , 15 March
   Google Scholar
• Mickelson , S. 1989 . From Whistle Stop to Sound Bite: Four Decades of Politics and Television , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , S. 1986 . The New Machine Men: Polls and Persuasion in Australian Politics , Ringwood : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Nimmo , D. and Felsberg , A.J. 1986 . "Hidden Myths in Televised Political Advertising: An Illustration.' ” . In New Perspectives on Political Advertising , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. , Nimmo , D. and Saunders , K.R. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Neil , H. and Mills , S. 1986 . "Political Advertising in Australia: A Dynamic Force Meets a Resilient Object.' ” . In New Perspectives on Political Advertising , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. , Nimmo , D. and Saunders , K.R. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill , M. 1984 . "Media Urges Changes on Political Advertising.' . Age , 28 April
   Google Scholar
• Overacker , L. 1952 . The Australian Party System , Melbourne : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• PCA [Political Commercial Archive] . 2000 . Julian P. Kanter Political Commercial Archive. . . Consulted 2 January 2001
   Google Scholar
• Pinkleton , B.E. 1997 . "The Effects of Negative Comparative Political Advertising on Candidate Evaluations and Advertising Evaluations--An Exploration.' . Journal of Advertising , 26 (1) : 19 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkleton , B.E. 1998 . "Effects of Print Comparative Political Advertising on Political Decision-making and Participation.' . Journal of Communication , 48 (4) : 24 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , C. 1998 . "The Role of Labour's Advertising in the 1997 General Election.' ” . In Political Communications: Why Labour Won the General Election of 1997 , Edited by: Crewe , I. , Gosschalk , B. and Bartle , J. London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• SBS [Special Broadcasting Service] . 2001 . 'Insight' Television Program . 22 February
   Google Scholar
• Scammell , M. and Semetko , H.A. 1995 . “ 'Political Advertising on Television: The British Experience.' ” . In Political Advertising in Western Democracies: Parties and Candidates on Television , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. and Holtz-Bacha , C. Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Shyles , L. 1986 . "The Televised Political Spot Advertisement: Its Structure, Content and Role in the Political System.' ” . In New Perspectives on Political Advertising , Edited by: Kaid , L.L. , Nimmo , D. and Saunders , K.R. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Singleton , J. 1990 . "Labor's Hard Sell: 1990 Federal Election Campaign.' . independent Monthly , April
   Google Scholar
• TBA [Television Bureau of Advertising] . 2000 . Political Advertising on Broadcast Television Sydney . Consulted 8 June 2000
   Google Scholar
• SSCPBPD [Senate Select Committee on Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures] . 1991 . The Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures Bill 1991 , Canberra : AGPS .
   Google Scholar
• Tinkham , S.F. and Weaver-Lariscy , R.A. 1995 . "Incumbency and its Perceived Advantage: A Comparison of the 1982 and 1990 Congressional Advertising Strategies.' . Political Communication , 12 : 291 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , D. and Young , S. 2001 . "Public Financing of Election Campaigns in Australia: A Solution or a Problem?' ” . In The Big Makeover: A New Australian Constitution , Edited by: Patmore , G. Sydney : Pluto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , G. and Cunninghani , S. 1997 . “ 'The Media in Australia Today.' ” . In The Media in Australia:Industries, Texts, Audiences , Edited by: Cunningham , S. and Turner , G. St Leonards : Alien & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Waller , D.S. and Polonsky , M.J. 1996 . "Everybody Hide, an Election is Coming! An Examination Why Australian Ad Agencies Refuse Political Accounts.' . International Journal of Advertising , 15 (1) : 61 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , K. 1995 . 'Phoney War Turns Real.' . Bulletin , 1 November
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. 1981 . "Party Political Advertising and the Case for Disclosure of Electoral Expenditure.' . Regional Journal of Social Issues , 7 : 51 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. 1982 . "Big Spending on the Small Screen: Televised Party Political Advertising and the 1980 ampaign.' . Politics , 17 : 85 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , I. 1995 . Politics of the Media , South Melbourne : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. 1999 . "The Early Use of Radio for Political Communication in Australia and Canada: John Henry Austral, Mr Sage and the Man from Mars.' . Australian Journal of Politics and Historv , 45 (3) : 311 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , I. and van Acker , E. 1996 . "Election Campaign Coverage: Television as a Commercial Rather than Political Medium." . Australian Journal of Communication , 23 (1) : 64 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. and Cook , I. 1992 . "Televised Political Advertising, Media Freedom and Democracy.' . Social lternatives , 11 (1) : 21 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Warneford , P. 1993 . "Election Ads Helped Libs Lose.' . Ad News , 26 March
   Google Scholar
• West , D.M. , Kern , M. , Alger , D. and Goggin , J.M. 1995 . "Ad Buys in Presidential Campaigns: The Strategies of Electoral Appeal." . Political Communication , 12 (3) : 275 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G. 1997a . "The State of Play in The Constitutionally Implied Freedom of Political Discussion and Bans on Electoral Canvassing in Australia." , Research paper 10 1996-97 Canberra : Parliamentary Library . Commonwealth of Australia. . Consulted 15 June 2000
   Google Scholar
• Williams , G. 1997b . "Truth in Political Advertising Legislation in Australia.' , Research paper 13 1996-97 Canberra : Parliamentary Library . Commonwealth of Australia. . Consulted 15 June 2000
   Google Scholar
• Wyndham , C.S. 1968 . "Labor Party Advertising: The Correct Perspective.' . Australian Quarterly , 40 (3) : 19 – 25 .
   Google Scholar