Virtual Campaigning: Australian Parties and the Impact of the Internet

References

• ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] . 1999 . “ 'The Information Society and the Information Economy in Australia.' ” . Australia Now Series. Special Article. . Consulted 1 October 2000
   Google Scholar
• ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] . 2000a . “ 'Household Use of Information Technology.' ” . Canberra Release 8146.0. Consulted 6 June 2000
   Google Scholar
• ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] . 2000b . “ 'Increasing use of the Internet and Home Computers.' ” . Media Release 25 August. Catalogue no. 8147.0. . Consulted 25 September 2000
   Google Scholar
• AES [Australian Election Study] . 1998 . Computer file , Canberra : Social Sciences Data Archives. Australian National University . Compiled by C. Bean, D. Gow and I. McAllister
   Google Scholar
• ALP [Australian Labor Party] . 2000 . 'The ALP and the Internet.' . . Consulted 1 October 2000
   Google Scholar
• Birdsell , D.S. and Muzzio , D. 'Political Uses of the World Wide Web in the 1996 US Presidential Campaign.' . Paper presented to the International Conference on the History and Development of Political Communication on Television . Amsterdam .
   Google Scholar
• BNP [British National Party] . 1997 . 'Mission Statement.' . Consulted April 1997
   Google Scholar
• Capling , A. and Nossal , K.R. 'Death of Distance on Tyranny of Distance?: The Internet. Deterritorialization. and the Anti-Globalization Movement in Australia.' . Paper presented at the 16th World Congress of the International Political Science Association . Quebec City .
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Policy Studies . 1998 . Blue Skies Ahead , London : Centre for Policy Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , S. , ed. 2001 . Electionin the Age of the Internet :Lesson form the us , London : Hansard Society .
   Google Scholar
• Corrado , A. and Firestone , C.M. , eds. 1997 . Election in Cyberspace:Toward a New Era in AmericanPolitics , Washington,DC : Aspen Institute Aspen Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R. 2001 . “ 'The Political Impact of the Internet: The American Experience.' ” . In Reinvigorating Goverment ? British Politics Impact of the Internet , Edited by: Gibson , R. and Ward , S. Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Falinski , J. 1999 . 'Down Under Response.' . Netpulse , 3 (15) 2 August
   Google Scholar
• Fairley Raney , R. 2000 . 'Many Voters Seeking Candidate Information Online. Poll Finds.' . New York Tmes , on the web 7 December. . Consulted 7 December 2000
   Google Scholar
• Farrell , D. and Webb , P. 2000 . “ 'Political Parties as Campaign Organizations.' ” . In Parties without Partisans , Edited by: Dalton , R. and Wattenberg , M. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Forrest , J and Marks , G.N. 1999 . 'The Mass Media. Election Campaigning and Voter Response: The Australian Experience.' . Party Politics , 5 (1) : 99 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , R.K. and Roemmele , A. 2001 . Changing Campaign Communications: A Party-Centered Theory of Professionalized Campaigning.' . Harvard International Journal of press politics , 6 (4) : 31 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , R.K. and Ward , S.J. 1998 . 'UK Political Parties and the Internet: Politics as Usual in the New Media?' . Harvard International Journal of press/politics , 6 (4) : 31 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , R.K. and Ward , S.J. 1999 . 'Party Democracy Online: UK Parties and New ICTs.' . Information Communication and society , 2 (3) : 340 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , R.K. and Ward , S.J. 2000a . A Proposed Methodology for Studying the Function and Effectiveness of Party and Candidate Web-sites.' . Social Science Review , 18 (3) : 301 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , R.K. and Ward , S.J. 2000b . “ 'An Outsider's Medium? The European Elections and UK Party Competition on the Internet.' ” . In British and Election Review , Edited by: Cowley , P. vol. 10 , London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , R.K. and Ward , S.J. 2000c . “ 'New Media. Same Impact? British Party Activity in Cyberspace.' ” . In Reinvigorating Goverment? B ritish Political and the Internet , Edited by: Gibson , R. and Ward , S. Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Hawker , B. 1999 . 'Australia 1998: Internet Campaigning Makes a Spectacular Debut.' . Netpulse , 3 (14) 19 July
   Google Scholar
• Hill , J. and Hughes , K. 1998 . Cyberpolitics: Citizen Activism in The Age of the Internet , Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Kamarck , E. 1999 . "Campaigning on the Internet in the Elections of 1998." ” . In Democracy.Com'.' Governance in a Networked World , Edited by: Kamarck , E. and Nye , J. New York : Hollis .
   Google Scholar
• Kimber , R. 2000 . 'Political Parties. Interest Groups and Other Social Movements.' . Website. . Consulted 25 July 2000
   Google Scholar
• Klinenberg , E. and Perrin , A. 2000 . "Symbolic Politics in the Information Age: The 1996 Republican Presidential Campaigns in Cyberspace.' . Information Communication and Society , 3 (1) : 17 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Magarey , K. 1999 . "The Internet and Australian Parliamentary Democracy." . Parliamentary Affairs , 52 (3) : 404 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis , M. and Resnick , D. "Does the Internet Level the Playing Field for Minor Parties and their Candidates? Do we Really Want it to?' . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association . Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Margolis , M. , Resnick , D. and Tu , C. 1997 . "Campaigning on the Internet: Parties and Candidates on the World Wide Web in the 1996 Primary Season.' . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 2 (1) : 59 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Margolis , M. , Resnick , D. and Wolfe , J. 1999 . "Party Competition on the Internet: Minor versus Major Parties in the UK and USA.' . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 4 (3) : 24 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister , I. 2002 . "Rational or Capricious? Late Deciding Voters in Australia. Britain and the United States." ” . In Do Political Campaigns Matter'.' , Edited by: Farrell , D. and Schmitt-Beck , R. London : Routledge . (forthcoming)
   Google Scholar
• McGregor , R. 1999 . "Politicians Cast the Net for Votes.' Media Supplement . Australian , 3 November
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , S. 2001 . "Parties to Spin Own Websites." . Australian , 22 March
   Google Scholar
• Moss , D. 2000 . "Australian Politics Resource.' . Website. . Consulted 25 July 2000
   Google Scholar
• NetValue . 2000 . "NetValue Releases European Rankings and Patterns of e-commerce Usage." . 22 May Press release
   Google Scholar
• NLA [National Library of Australia] . 2000 . "Political Parties and Organisations.' . Website. . Consulted 25 July 2000
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. "Who Surfs? New Technology. Old Voters and Virtual Democracy in America'. Paper presented to the John F. Kennedy Visions of Governance for the Twenty First Century Conference . 19-22 July . Bretton Woods .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. "Who Surfs Café Europa? Virtual Democracy in the US and Europe" . Paper presented to Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association . September 1-5 , Atlanta .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. 2000 . A Virtuous Circle , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. 2001 . “ Digital Divide'.' ” . In Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet in Democratic Societies , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• PoliticsOnline . 2000 . “ Online Fundraising Continues to Skyrocket." ” . In PoliticsOnline Special Report Released 15 February 2000
   Google Scholar
• PRC [Pew Research Center] . 2000 . "Youth Vote Influenced by Online Information.' . Consulted 10 January 2001
   Google Scholar
• Rash , W. 1997 . Politics on the Nets: Wiring the Political Process , New York : W. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Resnick , D. 1999 . "The Normalization of Cyberspace.' ” . In The Politics of Cyberspace , Edited by: Toulouse , C. and Luke , T. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , P. 1999 . The Party's Over'.' , London : Fabian Society .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , J. 1999 . "New Zealand Political Parties Online: The World Wide Web as a Tool for Democratization or Political Marketing." ” . In The Politics of Cyberspace , Edited by: Toulouse , C. and Luke , T. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , S.M. 2001 . "Congressional Candidate Web Sites in Campaign 2000: What Web Enthusiasts Wanted What Candidates Provided.' ” . In NetElection.org Report , Philadelphia : Annenberg Public Policy Center. University of Pennsylvania .
   Google Scholar
• SCP [Standing Committee on Procedure] . 2000 . e-Motions: The Electronic Transaction of Questions, Answers and Notices of Motion and Related Matters. Report tabled 12 April , Canberra : Parliament of Australia. House of Representatives. .
   Google Scholar
• Sharman , C. 1994 . “ 'Political Parties.' ” . In Development in Australian Politics , Edited by: Brett , J. , Gillespie , J. and Goot , M. Melbourne : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. 1998 . “ 'Political Parties in the Information Age: From Mass Party to Leadership Organisation.' ” . In Handbook of Public Administration for the information Age , Edited by: van de Donk , W. and Snellen , I. Amsterdam : IOS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , B. 1996 . 'Politics '96.' . Internet World , November
   Google Scholar
• Storey , R. 1996 . 'Too Important for Politics to Ignore.' . Australian , 13 February
   Google Scholar
• Voerman , G. 1999 . “ 'Distributing Electronic Folders: The Digital Electoral Campaign of 1998 in The Netherlands.' ” . In Groningen: Documentatie-centrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen , University of Groningen .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , S.J. and Gibson , R.K. 1998 . “ 'The First Internet Election? UK Political Parties and Campaigning in Cyberspace.' ” . In Political Communication:Why Labour the General of 1997 , Edited by: Crewe , I. , Gosschalk , B. and Bartle , J. London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Yahoo! . 2000 . 'Yahoo! Directory: Politics Parties and Groups.' . Website. . Consulted 25 July 2000
   Google Scholar