Understanding stigma from a sociocultural context: mothers’ experience of stigma directed towards children with special educational needs

References

• Abang, T. B. 1988. “Disablement, Disability and the Nigerian Society.” Disability, Handicap and Society 3 (1): 71–77. doi: 10.1080/02674648866780061
   Google Scholar
• Abang, T. B. 1992. “Special Education in Nigeria.” International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 39 (1): 13–18. doi: 10.1080/0156655920390103
   Google Scholar
• Adebayo, F. 2009. “Parents’ Preference for Private Secondary Schools in Nigeria.” International Journal of Educational Sciences 1 (1): 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Adelabu, M., and P. Rose. 2004. “Non-state Provision of Basic Education in Nigeria.” In Nigeria: Study of Non-State Providers of Basic Services, edited by G. Larbi, M. Adelabu, P. Rose, D. Jawara, O. Nwaorgu, and S. Vyas, 41–67. Birmingham: Department of International Development, (DfID).
   Google Scholar
• Adeniyi, S. O., J. O. Owolabi, and K. Olojede. 2015. “Determinants of Successful Inclusive Education Practice in Lagos State Nigeria.” World Journal of Education 5 (2): 26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Ainscow, M. 2002. “Using Research to Encourage the Development of Inclusive Practices.” In Making Special Education Inclusive: From Research to Practice, edited by P. Pharrell and M. Ainscow, 25–37. Abingdon: David Fulton.
   Google Scholar
• Ainscow, M., and M. César. 2006. “Inclusive Education Ten Years after Salamanca: Setting the Agenda.” European Journal of Psychology of Education 21 (3): 231–238. doi: 10.1007/BF03173412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainscow, M. 2007. “Taking an Inclusive Turn.” Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 7 (1): 3–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2007.00075.x
   Google Scholar
• Ajuwon, P. M. 2012. “Making Inclusive Education Work in Nigeria: Evaluation of Special Educators’ Attitudes.” Disability Studies Quarterly 32 (2): 17–17. doi: 10.18061/dsq.v32i2.3198
   Google Scholar
• Alport, G. W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, D., A. C. Armstrong, and I. Spandagou. 2011. “Inclusion: By Choice or by Chance?” International Journal of Inclusive Education 15 (1): 29–39. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2010.496192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babawale, G. K., and J. Olusola. 2012. “The Specification of Hedonic Indexes for Duplexes in Lekki Peninsular Area of Lagos Metropolis.” Elixir Social Science 45: 7689–7698.
   Google Scholar
• Bamberg, M. 2004. “Considering Counter Narratives.” In Considering Counter Narratives, edited by M. Bamberg and M. Andrews, 351–371. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Baral, S. C., D. K. Karki, and J. N. Newell. 2007. “Causes of Stigma and Discrimination Associated with Tuberculosis in Nepal: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Public Health Journal 7 (1): 211. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J., and J. W. Lee. 2013. “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010.” Journal of Development Economics 104: 184–198. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, J. A. 2005. “Use of Narrative Interviewing in Everyday Information Behavior Research.” Library & Information Science Research 26 (1): 15–28. doi: 10.1016/j.lisr.2003.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason, D. S. 2013. “The Sociology of Disability and Inclusive Education: A Tribute to Len Barton.” International Studies in Sociology of Education 23 (4): 383–389. doi: 10.1080/09620214.2013.815433
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (1): 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Cao, X., S. G. Sullivan, J. Xu, and Z. Wu. 2006. “Understanding HIV-related Stigma and Discrimination in a “Blameless” Population.” AIDS Education & Prevention 18 (6): 518–528. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2006.18.6.518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesar, M., and I. Oliveira. 2005. “The Curriculum as a Tool for Inclusive Participation: Students’ Voices in a Case Study in a Portuguese Multicultural School.” European Journal of Psychology of Education 20 (1): 29–43. doi: 10.1007/BF03173209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charema, J. 2007. “From Special Schools to Inclusive Education: The Way Forward for Developing Countries South of the Sahara.” The Journal of the International Association of Special Education 8 (1): 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Chhabra, S., R. Srivastava, and I. Srivastava. 2010. “Inclusive Education in Botswana: The Perceptions of School Teachers.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 20 (4): 219–228. doi: 10.1177/1044207309344690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clisett, P. 2008. “Evaluating Qualitative Research.” Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 12 (2): 99–105. doi: 10.1016/j.joon.2008.07.009
   Google Scholar
• Corbett, J. 2001. “Teaching Approaches which Support Inclusive Education: A Connective Pedagogy.” British Journal of Special Education 28 (2): 55–59. doi: 10.1111/1467-8527.00219
   Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., B. Major, and C. Steele. 1998. “Social Stigma.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, and G. Lindzey, Vol. 2, 504–553. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., K. Voelkl, M. Testa, and B. Major. 1991. “Social Stigma: The Affective Consequences of Attributional Ambiguity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (2): 218–228. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deacon, J., I. Stephney, and S. Prosalendis. 2005. Understanding HIV/AIDS Stigma: A Theoretical and Methodological Analysis. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Dempster, R., B. Wildman, and A. Keating. 2013. “The Role of Stigma in Parental Help-Seeking for Child Behavior Problems.” Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 42 (1): 56–67. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.700504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eleweke, C. J., and M. Rhoda. 2002. “The Challenge of Enhancing Inclusive Education in Developing Countries.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 6 (2): 113–126. doi: 10.1080/13603110110067190
   Google Scholar
• Eskay, M., V. Onu, and J. Igbo. 2012. “A Review of Special Education Services Delivery in the United States and Nigeria: Implications for Service Delivery.” US-China Education Review B 9: 824–831. Accessed October 10, 2015. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED537176.
   Google Scholar
• Etuk, U. 2002. Religion and Cultural Identity. Ibadan: Hope Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Everett, B. 2004. “Best Practices in Workplace Mental Health: An Area for Expanded Research.” Healthcare Papers 5 (2): 114–116. doi: 10.12927/hcpap..16831
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fadayomi, T. P. O. 1991. “Women in the Nigerian Labor Force.” International Journal of Sociology of the Family 21 (2): 175–188.
   Google Scholar
• Fakolade, O., S. O. Adeniyi, and T. Adeyinka. 2009. “Attitude of Teachers Towards the Inclusion of Special Needs Children in General Education Classroom: The Case of Teachers in Some Selected Schools in Nigeria.” International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education 1 (3): 155–169.
   Google Scholar
• Fapohunda, E. R. 1982. “The Child-Care Dilemma of Working Mothers in African Cities: The Case of Lagos, Nigeria.” In Women and Work in Africa, edited by E. Bay, 227–288. Colorado: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fareo, D. O., and O. O. Ojo. 2013. “Impact of Facilities on Academic Performance of Students with Special Needs in Mainstreamed Public Schools in Southwestern Nigeria.” Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 13 (2): 159–167. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2011.01228.x
   Google Scholar
• Florian, L., and K. Black-Hawkins. 2011. “Exploring Inclusive Pedagogy.” British Educational Research Journal 37 (5): 813–828. doi: 10.1080/01411926.2010.501096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garuba, A. 2003. “Inclusive Education in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities for Nigeria.” Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal 14 (2): 191–200.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, K. 2002. “Getting in the Door: Sampling and Completing Elite Interviews.” Journal of Political Science and Politics 35 (4): 669–672. doi: 10.1017/S1049096502001130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, C. 2014. “Urban Special Education Policy and the Lived Experience of Stigma in a High School Science Classroom.” Cultural Studies of Science Education 10 (4): 1071–1088. doi: 10.1007/s11422-013-9548-x
   Google Scholar
• Harma, J., and F. Adefisayo. 2013. “Scaling Up: The Challenges Facing Low-Fee Private Schools in the Slums of Lagos, Nigeria.” In Low-Fee Private Schooling: Aggravating Equity or Mitigating Disadvantage, edited by P. Srivasta, 129–152. Oxford: Symposium Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hegarty, S., and M. Alur. 2002. Education & Children with Special Needs: From Segregation to Inclusion. New Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, A., and C. Wilkins. 2015. “‘In Some Eyes it's Still Oooh, Gloucester, Yeah Fred West’: Spatial Stigma and the Impact of a High-Profile Crime on Community Identity.” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 25 (1): 82–94. doi: 10.1002/casp.2198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornby, G. 1999. “Inclusion or Delusion: Can one Size Fit All?” Support for Learning 14 (4): 152–157. doi: 10.1111/1467-9604.00122
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, N. 2008. “Including Pupils with Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Mainstream Schools.” Support for Learning 23 (1): 41–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9604.2007.00367.x
   Google Scholar
• Igbokwe, U. L., D. Mezieobi, and C. Eke. 2014. “Teachers Attitude to Curriculum Change: Implications for Inclusive Education in Nigeria.” Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 4 (11): 92–99.
   Google Scholar
• Igbuzor, O. 2006. “The State of Education in Nigeria.” Economic and Policy Review 12 (3): 9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Iroham, C. O., O. D. Durodola, C. A. Ayedun, and M. F. Ogunbola. 2014. “Comparative Study of Rental Values of Two Gated Estates in Lekki Peninsula Lagos.” Journal of Sustainable Development Studies 5 (2): 218–235.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett, R. L. 1996. “Welfare Stigma among Low-Income, African American Single Mothers.” Family Relations 45 (4): 368–374. doi: 10.2307/585165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. L., and K. E. Benson. 2014. “It's Always the Mother's Fault”: Secondary Stigma of Mothering a Transgender Child.” Journal of GLBT Family Studies 10 (1–2): 124–144. doi: 10.1080/1550428X.2014.857236
   Google Scholar
• Kalyanpur, M. 2014. “Distortions and Dichotomies in Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities in Cambodia in the Context of Globalisation and International Development.” International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 61 (1): 80–94. doi: 10.1080/1034912X.2014.878546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnieli-Miller, O., D. A. Perlick, A. Nelson, A. K. Mattias, P. Corrigan, and D. Roe. 2013. “Family Members’ of Persons Living with a Serious Mental Illness: Experiences and Efforts to Cope with Stigma.” Journal of Mental Health 22 (3): 254–262. doi: 10.3109/09638237.2013.779368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalvani, P. 2013. “Privilege, Compromise, or Social Justice: Teachers’ Conceptualizations of Inclusive Education.” Disability and Society 28 (1): 14–27. doi: 10.1080/09687599.2012.692028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., and J. Phelan. 2001. “Conceptualizing Stigma.” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1): 363–385. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., and J. Phelan. 2014. “Stigma Power.” Social Science & Medicine 103: 24–32. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizhen, L., H. Guoping, L. Xianhong, and W. Honghong. 2010. “Review of HIV/AIDS-Related Secondary Stigma and Discrimination.” Journal of Nursing Science 1: 89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, C. 2008. “Removing Barriers to Achievement: A Strategy for Inclusion or Exclusion?” International Journal of Inclusive Education 12 (2): 221–236. doi: 10.1080/13603110600871413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., and L. T. O'Brien. 2005. “The Social Psychology of Stigma.” Annual Review of Psychology 56 (1): 393–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makama, G. A. 2013. “Patriarchy and Gender Inequality in Nigeria: The Way Forward.” European Scientific Journal 9 (17): 115–144.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, O. T. 2010. “A Proposed Model for the Analysis and Interpretation of Focus Groups in Evaluation Research.” Evaluation and Program Planning 34 (2011): 21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mba, P. O. 1995. Special Education and Vocational Rehabilitation. Ibadan: Codat.
   Google Scholar
• McKeever, P., and K. L. Miller. 2004. “Mothering Children who have Disabilities: A Bourdieusian Interpretation of Maternal Practices.” Social Science and Medicine 59 (6): 1177–1191. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.12.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan, E., K. M. MacQueen, and J. L. Neidig. 2003. “Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription.” Field Methods 15 (1): 63–84. doi: 10.1177/1525822X02239573
   Google Scholar
• Miller, C. T., and C. R. Kaiser. 2001. “A Theoretical Perspective on Coping with Stigma.” Journal of Social Issues 57 (1): 73–92. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C. T., and B. Major. 2000. “Coping with Stigma and Prejudice.” In The Social Psychology of Stigma, edited by T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebi, and J. G. Hull, 243–272. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Motala, S. 2000. ”Education, Transformation and Equality: The South African Experience.“ Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Comparative and International Education Society, San Antonio, Texas, March.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, E. 2013. “It's Funny I Feel Much More Stigmatized by My Own Home Community”: Investigating Visually Impaired Migrants’ Experiences of Unsupportive Ethnic Community.” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 9 (1): 4–16. doi: 10.1108/17479891311318548
   Google Scholar
• Obani, T. 2002. “The Development of Concepts of Handicap in Adolescents: A Cross Cultural Study.” International Journal of Educational Development 4 (4): 285–291. doi: 10.1016/0738-0593(84)90014-2
   Google Scholar
• Obasi, I., O. Adesina, and S. Obasi. (2015). “International Education Providers in Nigeria.” International Higher Education 51: 11–12.
   Google Scholar
• Obiakor, F. E. 1998. “Special Education Reform in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenge.” European Journal of Special Needs Education 13 (1): 57–71. doi: 10.1080/0885625980130106
   Google Scholar
• Obiakor, F. E., and M. T. Offor. 2011. “Special Education Provision in Nigeria: Analyzing Context, Problems and Prospects.” International Journal of Special Education 26 (1): 12–19.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, T. 2000. “Increasing Inclusion: Did Anyone Mention Learning?” Journal of Special Educational Needs Education in Ireland 14 (1): 2–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ogbue, R. M. 1995. Report of the Survey of special Education Facilities in Nigeria. Lagos: Federal Government Press.
   Google Scholar
• Omadjohwoefe, O. S. 2011. “Gender Role Differentiation and Social Mobility of Women in Nigeria.” Journal of Social Science 27 (1): 67–74.
   Google Scholar
• Omotosho, J., J. Aina, and K. Ogungbade. 2009. “Stigmatisation of the Handicapped by Counselors and Teachers as a Barrier to Counseling for Excellent Academic Performance and Integrity.” Journal of Counseling Association of Nigeria 25 (1): 44–53.
   Google Scholar
• Orbuch, T. L. 1997. “People's Accounts Count: The Sociology of Accounts.” Annual Review of Sociology 23: 455–478. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozoji, E. D. 2005. Special Education for General Studies Purposes. Jos: Enterprises.
   Google Scholar
• Phelan, J. C., B. G. Link, and J. F. Dovidio. 2008. “Stigma and Prejudice: One Animal or Two?” Social Science & Medicine 67 (3): 358–367. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinel, E. C. 1999. “Stigma Consciousness: The Psychological Legacy of Social Stereotypes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1): 114–128. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, C., N. Ndebele, and Y. Mhango. 2011. A Survey of the Nigerian Middle Class. London: Renaissance Capital. Accessed September 20, 2014. http://www.fastestbillion.com/res/Research/Survey_Nigerian_middle_class-260911.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rolleston, C., and M. Adefeso-Olateju. 2014. “De facto Privatisation of Basic Education in Africa: A Market Response to Government Failure? A Comparative Study of the Cases of Ghana and Nigeria.” In Education, Privatisation and Social Justice: Case Studies from Africa, South Asia and South East Asia, edited by I. Macpherson, S. Robertson., and G. Walford, 25–44. Oxford: Symposium Books.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, P. 2009. “Non-state Provision of Education: Evidence from Africa and Asia.” Compare 39 (2): 127–134.
   Google Scholar
• Runswick-Cole, K. 2011. “Time to End the Bias Towards Inclusive Education?” British Journal of Special Education 38 (3): 112–119. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8578.2011.00514.x
   Google Scholar
• Rustemier, S. 2002. Inclusion Information Guide. Bristol: Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education. Accessed August 10, 2012. http://www.csie.org.uk/publications/soc-ed-justice.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, N. 2013. ‘We just Stick Together’: How Disabled Teens Negotiate Stigma to Create Lasting Friendship. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 57 (4): 347–358. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01541.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter, M. L., V. F. Go, N. Le Minh, A., Gregowski, T. V. Ha, A. Rudolph, and V. M. Quan. 2010. “Influence of Perceived Secondary Stigma and Family on the Response to HIV Infection among Injection Drug Users in Vietnam. AIDS education and Prevention.” International Society for AIDS Education. 22 (6): 558–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal, N. 2006. “Inclusive Education in India: International Concept, National Interpretation.” International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 53 (3): 351–369. doi: 10.1080/10349120600847797
   Google Scholar
• Slee, R. 2001. “Social Justice and the Changing Directions in Educational Research: The Case of Inclusive Education.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 5 (2–3): 167–177. doi: 10.1080/13603110010035832
   Google Scholar
• Stainback, S., W. Stainback, K. E., and M. Sapon-Shevin. 1994. “A Commentary on Inclusion and the Development of a Positive Self-Identity by People with Disabilities.” Exceptional Children 60 (6): 486–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansey, O. 2007. “Process Tracing and Elite Interviewing: A Case for Non-probability Sampling.” Journal of Political Science and Politics 40 (4): 765–772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tooley, J., P. Dixon, and O. Olaniyan. 2005. “Private and Public Schooling in Low-Income Areas of Lagos State, Nigeria: A Census and Comparative Survey.” International Journal of Educational Research 43 (3): 125–146. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2006.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Uchem, R. N., and E. S. Ngwa. 2014. “Inclusive Education Policy Implementation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Lessons for Nigeria and Cameroon.” Journal of Education and Practice 5 (36): 92–100.
   Google Scholar
• Ushie, M. A., J. O. Emeka, G. I. Ononga, and E. O. Owolabi. 2012. “Influence of Family Structure on Students Academic Performance in Agege Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria.” European Journal of Educational Studies 4 (2): 177–187.
   Google Scholar
• Zajda, J. I., S. Majhanovich, and V. D. Rust. 2006. Education and Social Justice. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar