Creating community networks: Can sporting events offer meaningful sources of social capital?

References

• Amin , A. and Thrift , N. 1997 . “ Globalization, socio-economics, territoriality ” . In Geographies of Economics , Edited by: Lee , R. and Wills , J. 147 – 157 . London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Andranovich , G. , Burbank , M. J. and Heying , C. H. 2001 . Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega-event politics . Journal of Urban Affairs , 23 : 113 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai , S. and Pedlar , A. 2003 . Moving beyond individualism in leisure theory: A critical analysis of concepts of community and social engagement . Leisure Studies , 22 : 185 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Austrian , Z. and Rosentraub , M. S. 2002 . Cities, sports, and economic change: A retrospective Assessment . Journal of Urban Affairs , 24 : 549 – 563 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baade , R. A. and Matheson , V. 2002 . “ Bidding for the Olympics: Fool's gold? ” . In Transatlantic Sport: The comparative Economics of North American and European Sports , Edited by: Barros , C. P. , Ibrahimo , M. and Szymanski , S. 127 – 151 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Bauman , Z. 2001 . Community: Seeking safety in an insecure world , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Begg , I. 1999 . Cities and competitiveness . Urban Studies , 36 : 795 – 809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanger , A. 2000 . Sport venues and the spectacularization of urban spaces in North America . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 35 : 378 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1980 . Le capital social, Note provisoires . Actes de la Recherche Science Sociales , 31 : 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1986 . Distinction , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Britton , S. 1991 . Tourism, capital, and place: Towards a critical geography of tourism . Environment and Planning: Society and Space , 9 : 451 – 478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burbank , M. J. , Andranovich , G. D. and Heying , C. H. 2001 . Olympic Dreams: The Impact of Mega-Events on Local Politics , 33 – 52 . Boulder : Reinner Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Chalip , L. and Leyns , A. 2002 . Local business leveraging of a sporting event: Managing an event for economic benefit . Journal of Sport Management , 16 : 132 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. 1998 . Leisure studies, leisure policy and social citizenship: the failure of welfare or the limits of welfare? . Leisure Studies , 17 : 21 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. , Allison , M. and Taylor , J. 2000 . The role of sport in regenerating deprived areas , Edinburgh : The Scottish Executive Central Research Unit .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. S. 1988 . Social capital in the creation of human capital . American Journal of Sociology , 94 : 95 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. S. 1990 . Foundations of social theory , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crouch , G. I. and Ritchie , J. R. B. 1999 . Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity . Journal of Business Research , 44 : 137 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthill , M. 2003 . The contribution of human and social capital to building community wellbeing: A research agenda relating to citizen participation in local governance in Australia . Urban Policy and Research , 21 : 373 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• DeFilippis , J. 2001 . The myth of social capital in community development . Housing Policy Debate , 12 : 781 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney , K. J. and Eckstein , R. 2003 . Public dollars, private stadiums: The battle over building sports stadiums , New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , J. 2001 . Managing change or coping with conflict? Mapping the experience of a local regeneration partnership . Local Economy , 16 : 272 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Eckstein , R. and Delaney , K. 2002 . New sports stadiums, community self-esteem, and community collective conscience . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 26 : 236 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Eisinger , P. 2000 . The politics of bread and circuses: Building the city for the visitor class . Urban Affairs Review , 35 : 316 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , B. H. 1996 . Culture, class and connections . American Journal of Sociology , 102 : 217 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzioni , A. 1993 . The spirit of community: The reinvention of American society , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , P. 1996 . Government action, social capital and development: Reviewing the evidence of Synergy . World Development , 24 : 1119 – 1132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fainstein , S. and Judd , D. 1999 . “ Global forces, local strategies, and urban tourism ” . In The Tourist City , Edited by: Judd , D. R. and Fainstein , S. 1 – 17 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Field , J. 2003 . Social capital , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , J. C. , Lepofsky , J. , Kick , E. L. and Williams , J. P. 2003 . The construction of the local and the limits of contemporary community building in the United States . Urban Affairs Review , 38 : 417 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuyama , F. 1995 . Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity , London : Hamish Hamilton .
   Google Scholar
• Glover , T. D. 2002 . Citizenship and the production of public recreation: Is there an empirical relationship? . Journal of Leisure Research , 34 : 204 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover , T. D. 2004a . Social capital and the lived experiences of community gardeners . Leisure Sciences , 26 : 143 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover , T. D. 2004b . The ‘community’ center and the social construction of citizenship . Leisure Sciences , 26 : 63 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter , M. 1985 . Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness . American Journal of Sociology , 91 : 481 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratton , C. and Henry , I. 2001 . Sport in the city: the role of sport in economic and social Regeneration , Edited by: Gratton , C. and Henry , I. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gratton , C. and Taylor , P. 2000 . Economics of Sports and Recreation , London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Gratton , C. , Dobson , N. and Shibli , S. 2000 . The economic importance of major sports events: a case-study of six events . Managing Leisure , 5 : 147 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Gratton , C. , Shibli , S. and Coleman , R. 2005 . Sport and economic regeneration in cities . Urban Studies , 42 : 985 – 999 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , B. C. , Costa , C. and Fitzgerald , M. 2003 . Marketing the host city: analyzing exposure generated by a sport event . International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship , 4 : 335 – 353 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C. M. 1992 . Hallmark tourist events: Impacts, management and planning , London : Bellhaven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C. M. 2004 . “ Sports tourism and urban regeneration ” . In Sports Tourism. Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues , Edited by: Ritchie , B. and Adair , D. 192 – 205 . Toronto : Channelview Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Halpern , D. 1999 . Social capital: The new golden goose? , Cambridge : Nexus/IPPR Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Hannigan , J. 1998 . Fantasy city: Pleasure and profit in the postmodern metropolis , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 1989 . From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism . Geografiska Annaler , 71B : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 2001 . Spaces of Capital , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hemingway , J. L. 1999 . Leisure, social capital, and democratic citizenship . Journal of Leisure , 31 : 150 – 165 . Research
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemingway , J. L. 2001 . What comes around goes around: Teaching for and about social and human capital in leisure services . Schole , 16 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Hibbitt , K. , Jones , P. and Meegan , R. 2001 . Tackling social exclusion: The role of social capital in urban regeneration on Merseyside—from mistrust to trust? . European Planning Studies , 9 : 141 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham , J. E. S. 1999 . Sport as an avenue for tourism development: An analysis of the positive and negative impacts of sport tourism . Current Issues in Tourism , 2 : 82 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Hiller , H. H. 2000 . Mega-events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: An analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic bid . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 24 : 439 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , D. R. and Crompton , J. L. 2004 . Financing sport, , second edition , Morgantown, WV : Fitness Information Technology, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , J. and Vidal , A. C. 2004 . “ Using social capital to help integrate planning theory, research, and practice ” . In Journal of the American Planning Association Edited by: Hutchinson , J. and Vidal , A. C. Vol. 70 , 142 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Ingham , A. G. and McDonald , M. G. 2003 . “ Sport and community/communitas ” . In Sport Dystopias. The Making and Meanings of Urban Sport Cultures , Edited by: Wilcox , R. W. , Andrews , D. L. , Pitter , R. and Irwin , R. I. 17 – 34 . Albany : State University Press of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Isin , E. 1999 . Introduction: Cities and citizenship in a global age . Citizenship Studies , 3 : 165 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Jarvie , G. 2003 . Communitarianism, sport and social Capital. ‘Neighbourly insights into Scottish sport’ . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 38 : 139 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , M. and Stokes , T. 2003 . The Commonwealth Games and urban regeneration: an investigation into training initiatives and partnerships and their effects on disadvantaged groups in East Manchester . Managing Leisure , 8 : 198 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Judd , D. R. 2003 . The infrastructure of play. Building the tourist city , Cleveland, OH : M. E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Judd , D. R. and Fainstein , S. 1999 . The Tourist City , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , S. 2002 . The hidden workforce: volunteers’ learning in the Olympics . Journal of European Industrial Training , 26 : 109 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Latham , M. 2000 . The search for social capital . Social Capital , : 7 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre , H. 1991 . The production of space , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Lepofsky , J. and Fraser , J. C. 2003 . Building community citizens: Claiming the right to place-making in the city . Urban Studies , 40 : 127 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , N. 2001 . Social capital: A theory of social structure and action , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Logan , J. R. and Molotch , H. L. 1987 . Urban fortunes: The political economy of place , Berkley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Madden , J. R. 2002 . The economic consequences of the Sydney Olympics: The CREA/Arthur Anderson study . Current Issues in Tourism , 5 : 7 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Magdalinski , T. and Nauright , J. 2004 . “ Commercialization of the modern Olympic Games ” . In The Commercialization of Sport , Edited by: Slack , T. 185 – 204 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Manchester City Council . 2005 . Manchester Leisure , Retrieved June 10, 2005 from http://www.manchester.gov.uk/leisure
   Google Scholar
• Mathy , R. M. 2003 . “ No Christmas dinner: The effect of major sporting events on local Homelessness ” . In Sport Dystopias. The Making and Meanings of Urban Sport Cultures , Edited by: Wilcox , R. W. , Andrews , D. L. , Pitter , R. and Irwin , R. I. 81 – 94 . Albany, NY : State University Press of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , P. A. 2002 . The economic impact of sports stadium construction: The case of the construction industry in St. Louis, MO . Journal of Urban Affairs , 24 : 159 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NWDA . 2004 . Commonwealth Games benefits study: Final report, Manchester, UK , North West Development Agency, Faber Maunsell
   Google Scholar
• Olds , K. 1998 . Urban mega-events, evictions and housing rights: The Canadian case . Current Issues in Tourism , 1 : 2 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , K. A. 2002 . The Sydney 2000 Olympics and urban entrepreneurialism: Local variations in urban governance . Australian Geographical Studies , 40 : 323 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , J. P. 2002 . Bread and Circuses: The local benefits of sports and cultural businesses , Ottawa, C. D : Howe Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Pennington-Gray , L. and Holdnak , A. 2002 . Out of the stands and into the community: Using sports events to promote destination . Event Management , 7 : 177 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Portes , A. 1998 . Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology . Annual Review of Sociology , 24 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 1995 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community . Journal of Democracy , 6 : 65 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Quilley , S. 1999 . Entrepreneurial Manchester: The genesis of elite consensus . Antipode , 31 : 185 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese , L. A. and Rosenfeld , R. A. 2001 . Yes, but … : Questioning the conventional wisdom about economic development . Economic Development Quarterly , 15 : 299 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche , M. 2002 . The Olympics and global citizenship . Citizenship Studies , 6 : 165 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Rohe , W. M. 2004 . Building social capital through community development . Journal of the American Planning Association , 70 : 143 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosentraub , M. 1999 . Major league losers: The real cost of sports and who's paying for it, , second eidtion , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rosentraub , M. 2000 . Sports facilities, redevelopment, and the centrality of downtown areas: observations and lessons from experiences in the Rustbelt and Sunbelt City . Marquette Sports Law Journal , 10 : 219 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Sassen , S. 1996 . “ Rebuilding the global city: economy, ethnicity and space ” . In Representing the global city: Ethnicity, capital and culture in the 21^st century metropolis , Edited by: King , A. 23 – 42 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , M. and Martin , I. 2000 . Community work, citizenship and democracy: re-making the Connections . Community Development Journal , 35 : 401 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Skocpol , T. 1996 . Unravelling from above . The American Prospect , 25 : 20 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. M. and Ingham , A. G. 2003 . On the waterfront: Retrospectives on the relationship between sport and communities . Sociology of Sport Journal , 20 : 252 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowerby , J. 2004 . Manchester Leisure Consultation Strategy 2004/05 . Retrieved 13 March 2005 from http://www.manchester.gov.uk/leisure/
   Google Scholar
• Thornley , A. 2002 . Urban regeneration and sports stadia . European Planning Studies , 10 : 813 – 818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. S. and Rosentraub , M. S. 2002 . Tourism, sports and the centrality of cities . Journal of Urban Affairs , 24 : 487 – 493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , M. 2001 . Building social capital: the role of local government . The Journal of Socio-Economics , 30 : 187 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitelegg , D. 2000 . Going for gold: Atlanta's bid for fame . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 24 : 801 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitson , D. and Macintosh , D. 1996 . The global circus: International sport, tourism, and the marketing of cities . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 20 : 278 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , P. A. 1997 . Building social capital: A learning agenda for the twenty-first century . Urban Studies , 34 : 754 – 760 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , A. 1998 . Developing civil society: Can the workplace replace bowling? . The Responsive Community , 8 : 41 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Woolcock , M. 2004 . Why and how planners should take social capital seriously . Journal of the American Planning Association , 70 : 143 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar