Public parks: A service perspective from the northwest of England

• Aitchinson , C. , Macleod , N. E. and Shaw , S. J. 2000 . Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: social and cultural geographies , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , S. J. 2006 . Facilitating Choice in English Local Government . Economic Affairs , 26 : 11 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Bamber , A. 1991 . A Guide to Management Plans for Parks and Open Spaces , Goring-upon-Thames, ILAM .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , F. and Palmer , C. 2002 . Opportunity Structures: urban landscape, social capital and health promotion . Australia Health Promotion International , 17 : 351 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best Value Inspection Service . 2001 . Lancaster City Council Maintaining the Environment London Audit Commission, available at: http://www.audit-commisssion.gov.uk
   Google Scholar
• Bitner , M. J. 1990 . Evaluating Service Encounters: the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses . Journal of Marketing , 2 : 69 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Bothewell , S. E. , Grindroz , R. and Lang , R. E. 1998 . Restoring Community through Traditional Neighbourhood Design: a case study of Diggs Town Public Housing . Housing Policy Debate , 9 : 89 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Butcher , H. 1995 . “ The Concept of Community Practice ” . In Community Leisure and Recreation: theory and practice , Edited by: Haywood , L. 3 – 25 . Oxford : Butterworth Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• CABE Space . 2004a . Manifesto for Better Public Space , London : Office of The Deputy Prime Minister .
   Google Scholar
• CABE Space . 2004b . Please Walk on the Grass: the value of public open space , London : Office of The Deputy Prime Minister .
   Google Scholar
• CABE Space . 2004c . People Need Parks Need People , London : Office of The Deputy Prime Minister .
   Google Scholar
• CABE Space . 2006 . Public Space Parkforce , London : CABE Space . available at: http://www.cabe.org.uk
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , H. and Marshall , R. 2000 . Public Involvement and Planning: looking beyond the one to the many . International Planning Studies , 5 ( 3 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Carmona , M. and De Magalhaes , C. 2006 . Public Space Management: present and potential . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 49 : 75 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamlin , D. 1999 . Social Capital and the Privatization of Public Goods . International Journal of Social Economics , 26 : 1302 – 1314 .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , J. and Critcher , C. 1985 . The Devil Makes Work: Leisure in Capitalist Britain , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. 2005 . “ The Social Benefits of Sport: an overview to inform the community planning process Research Report No. 98 ” . Edinburgh, sportscotland available at: http://www.sportscotland.org.uk/
   Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. 1990 . “ Analysing Leisure Policy in Managing and Planning ” . In The Leisure Industries , Edited by: Henry , I. P. Basingstoke : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , M. F. 1997 . Does a new philosophy change the structures? Compulsory Competitive Tendering and Local Authority leisure Services in Midland England . Managing Leisure , 2 : 204 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , H. 1996 . Public Parks, Shire Garden History , Risborough : Shire Publications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Cybriwsky , R. 1999 . Changing Patterns of Urban Public Space . Cities , 16 : 223 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey , I. 1993 . Qualitative Data Analysis: a user-friendly guide for social scientists , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• District Auditor . 2003 . Report By The District Auditor To Lancaster City Council – Management of the Crinkley Bottom Theme Park 15 January 2004 , London : Audit Commission .
   Google Scholar
• District Auditor . 2004 . The District Auditor Final Report in the Public Interest 15 January 2004 , London : Audit Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Economic Development, Strategic Planning and Tourism Policy Committee . Minutes of Meeting 12 April 1994, Resolution 9 . Lancaster. Lancaster City Council .
   Google Scholar
• Edvardsson , B. and Enquist , B. 2006 . Quality Improvement in Governmental services: the role of change pressure exerted by the ‘market’ . The TQM Magazine , 18 ( 1 ) : 7 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Garson , G. D. 1997 . “ The Case Study as a Research Method, Raleigh ” . North Carolina State University . available at: http://www.glis.utexas.edu/~ssoy/usesusers/1391d1b.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , C. and Hardman , D. 1998 . Regeneration Urban Heritage for Tourism . Managing Leisure , 3 : 37 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , J. and Johnson , P. 1997 . Research Methods for Managers, , second edition , London : PCP .
   Google Scholar
• Gooderson , P. J. 1996 . Lord Linoleum , Keele : Keele University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , D. E. 2004 . Doing Research in The Real World , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Green Space . 2006 . “ Decline in Green Spaces Halted 2 March 2006 ” . Reading available at: http://www.green-space.org.uk
   Google Scholar
• Grönroos , C. 2000 . Service Management and Marketing: a customer relationship management approach, , second edition , Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• GVA Grimley . 2002 . A Regeneration Strategy For Anfields/Breckfield , Liverpool : The Liverpool FC Stadium Proposal Joint Steering Group .
   Google Scholar
• Harding , S. 1999 . Towards a Renaissance in Urban Parks . Cultural Trends , 35 : 3 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , I. 2001 . The Politics of Leisure Policy , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Holzer , M. and Kloby , K. 2005 . Public Performance Measurement: an assessment of the state-of-the-art and models for citizen participation . International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management , 54 : 517 – 532 .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , S. 2006 . Our Precious Urban Prairies Pay for Themselves in Peace and Quiet . The Guardian , 24 March
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. 2000 . Managing the Green Spaces: problems of maintaining quality in a local government service . Managing Service Quality , 10 : 19 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. 2002 . Enticement: the role of community involvement in the management of urban parks . Managing Leisure , 7 : 18 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster City Council and The Unique Group Ltd . 1994 . “ Happy Mount Park: Crinkley Bottom Project, Head of Terms ” . Lancaster : Lancaster City Council .
   Google Scholar
• LFC online . 2005 . Stadium Plans Go On Display . available at: http://www.ifconline.com
   Google Scholar
• Liverpool City Council . 2003 . European Capital of Culture 2008: socio-economic impact assessment of Liverpool's Bid . Final Report, ERM Economics, available at: http://www.Liverpoolimage.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2003/06/10/finalreport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Liverpool City Council . 2004 . “ Planning Committee 30 July 2004, Planning Application No. 03F/3214 ” . Liverpool : Liverpool City Council .
   Google Scholar
• Liverpool City Council and CABE Space . 2005 . A Park Strategy for Liverpool , Liverpool City Council . available at: http://www.liverpool.gov.uk
   Google Scholar
• Liverpool Echo . 2005 . Revealed: the Alder Hey's Shortlist . Liverpool Echo , 19 October
   Google Scholar
• Lovelock , C. and Gummesson , E. 2004 . Whither Services Marketing? In Search of a New Paradigm and Fresh Perspectives . Journal of Service Research , 7 : 20 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maister , D. H. 1988 . “ The psychology of waiting lines ” . In Managing Services: Marketing, operations and human resources , Edited by: Lovelock , C. H. London : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , C. M. and Rossman , G. B. 1999 . Designing Qualitative Research, , third edition , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , J. 1995 . The Dundee Waterfront: a missed opportunity for planned regeneration . Land Use Policy , 12 : 307 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamee , J. , Sheridan , H. and Buswell , J. 2001 . The limits of utilitarianism as a professional ethnic in public sector leisure policy and provision . Leisure Studies , 20 : 173 – 197s .
   Google Scholar
• Morecambe Tourism Services Group . 1994 . “ Morcambe Project Second Report ” . Lancaster City Council .
   Google Scholar
• Mullard , M. and Borrett , N. 1995 . “ Leisure, Market Liberalism and Community ” . In Community Leisure and Recreation: theory and practice , Edited by: Haywood , L. Oxford : Butterworth Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• National Audit Office . 2006 . Enhancing Urban Green Space , London : Office of the Deputy Prime Minister .
   Google Scholar
• Newanfield . 2005 . Regeneration of Anfield , available at: http://www.newanfield.com.co.uk/regen.html
   Google Scholar
• NPFA . 2004 . National Playing Fields Statistics Since 1996 , available at: http://www.npfa.co.ukphp/underthreat.php
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . 2001 . Strong Local leadership – Quality Public services , London : Office of the Deputy Prime Minister .
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . 2005 . Local Government Performance , London : Office of the Deputy Prime Minister .
   Google Scholar
• Osborne , D. and Gaebler , T. 1992 . Reinventing Government , Reading : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Page , S. , Nielsen , K. and Goodenough , R. 1994 . Managing Urban Parks: User Perspectives and Local leisure Needs in the 1990s . The Service Industries Journal , 14 : 216 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman , A. 1995 . “ Measuring and Monitoring Service Quality ” . In Understanding Services Management , Edited by: Glynn , W. J. and Barnes , J. G. 143 – 177 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard , M. and Silvestro , R. 2005 . Applying the service profit chain to analysis retail performance: the case of the managerial strait-jacket . International Journal of Service Industry , 16 : 337 – 356s .
   Google Scholar
• PS Consultants . 2002 . Regenerating Anfield Brickfield Community and Stakeholder Consultation , Liverpool : PS Consultants and Liverpool FC Stadium Proposals Joint Steering Group .
   Google Scholar
• Public Law Group . 2005 . “ Blobby Gate: Mayer, Brown, Rowe and Maw LLP Advises District Auditor Clive Portman in Crinkley Bottom Investigations ” . London : Mayer, Brown, Rowe and Maw LLP . available at: http://www.mayorow.com/news/article.asp?
   Google Scholar
• Ravenscroft , N. 1998 . The changing regulation of public leisure provision . Leisure Studies , 17 : 138 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , K. 2004 . The Leisure Industries , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Select Committee on Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs . 1999 . “ Memorandum by Urban Parks Forum Ltd (TCP 43) ” . London : Select Committee on Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Teare , R. E. 1998 . Interpreting and Responding to Customer Needs . Journal of Workplace Learning , 10 : 76 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Tellis , W. 1997 . Introduction to Case Study . The Qualitative Report , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Duke's Playhouse . 2006 . “ Duke's Theatre and Cinema News ” . Lancaster : Duke's Playhouse .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. 2005 . “ Freedom of Information Act Information Request of 21 October Lancaster ” . Lancaster City Council .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. W. 2002 . Urban Open Space in the 21st Century . Landscape and Urban Planning , 60 ( 2 ) : 59 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titterington , A. 2005 . New Anfield, Regeneration in North Liverpool , Liverpool : Liverpool Football Club .
   Google Scholar
• Torkildsen , G. 2005 . Leisure and Recreation Management, , fifth edition , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• UKPG Historic Park Register . 2002 . “ Brief Description of Stanley Park Liverpool ” . York : Parks register . available at: http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/landscapes/ukpg/database/home.htm
   Google Scholar
• Urban Green Spaces Taskforce . 2002 . Green Spaces, Better Places Final Report , London : Department Transport, Local Government and the Regions .
   Google Scholar
• Urban Parks Forum . 2001 . Public Parks Assessment: a survey of local authority owner parks a focusing on parks of historical interest , Reading : Urban Parks Forum .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , C. 2004 . The Public Value of Urban Parks, Beyond Recreation , New York : The Urban Institute, Wallace Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield , K. L. and Blodgett , J. G. 1996 . The Effect of the Servicescape on Customers' Behavioral Intentions in Leisure Service Settings . Journal of Services Marketing , 10 ( 6 ) : 45 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Welch , D. 1995 . Managing Public Use of Parks, Open Spaces and Countryside , London : Pitman .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C. and Buswell , J. 2003 . Service Quality in Leisure and Tourism , Wallingford : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , S. and Panang , E. 1997 . using Focus Groups to match User Expectations with Library Constraints . Serial Librarian , 31 : 335 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , A. and Shaw , G. 1997 . “ Riding the Big Dipper: the rise and decline of the British seaside resort in the twentieth century ” . In The Rise and Fall of the British Coastal Resort , Edited by: Shaw , G. and Williams , A. London : Mansell .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson Park Board . 1988 . Minutes of the Board 28 June , Lancaster : Lancaster City Council . Item 40
   Google Scholar
• Williamson Park Board . 2004 . Agreement Between The Boards of the Dukes and Williamson Park , Lancaster : Lancaster City Council .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. 1995 . “ Leisure in the Welfare State ” . In Sociology of Leisure: a reader , Edited by: Critche , C. , Bramham , P. and Tomlinson , A. London : E & F N Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Winstanley , M. 1993 . “ The Town Transformed ” . In A History of Lancaster , Edited by: White , A. 1193 – 1993 . Keele : Ryburn Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Yin , R. K. 2003a . Applications of Case Study Research, , second edition , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Yin , R. K. 2003b . Case Study Research: Design and Methods, , third edition , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Zeithmal , V. A. , Parasuraman , A. and Berry , L. L. 1990 . Delivering Quality Service, Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar

Interviews

• Financial Officer telephone interview, 10 February 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Friends of Williamson Park interview, 3 November 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Parks Manager telephone interview, 24 November 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Parks Manager interview, 30 January 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Wedding Co-ordinator interview, 30 January 2006.
   Google Scholar