Factors leading to the implementation of strategic plans for parks and recreation

REFERENCES

• Alterman, R., & Hill, M. (1978). Implementation of urban land use plans. American Institute of Planners Journal, 44(3), 274–285. doi: 10.1080/01944367808976905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMO. (2006). Municipalities in Ontario. Retrieved from http://www.amo.on.ca/YLG/ylg/muniont.html
   Google Scholar
• Andrew, C., Harvey, J., & Dawson, D. (1994). Evolution of local state activity: Recreation policy in Toronto. Leisure Studies, 13, 1–16. doi: 10.1080/02614369400390011
   Google Scholar
• Baer, W. C. (1997). General plan evaluation criteria: An approach to making better plans. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(3), 329–334. doi: 10.1080/01944369708975926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannon, J. J. (1976). Leisure resources: Its comprehensive planning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, B. L. (2004). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Berke, P., & Godschalk, D. (2009). Searching for the good plan: A meta-analysis of plan quality studies. Journal of Planning Literature, 23(3), 227–240. doi: 10.1177/0885412208327014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berke, P. R., Backhurst, M., Laurian, L., Crawford, J., & Dixon, J. (2006). What makes plan implementation successful? An evaluation of local plans and implementation practices in New Zealand. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33(4), 581–600. doi: 10.1068/b31166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickis, Lija. (2008). Improving competitiveness in environmental conservation: A study of strategic planning in Canada's federal protected areas management organisations (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Boyne, G. (2001). Planning, performance and public services. Public Administration, 79, 73–88. doi: 10.1111/1467-9299.00246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyne, G. A., Gould-Williams, J. S., Law, J., & Walker, R. M. (2004). Problems of rational planning in public organizations: An empirical assessment of the conventional wisdom. Administration & Society, 36, 328–350. doi: 10.1177/0095399704265294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, S. (2003a). Implementing the principles of ecosystem management through local land use planning. Population and Environment, 24(6), 511–540. doi: 10.1023/A:1025078715216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, S. (2003b). Are we learning to make better plans? A longitudinal analysis of plan quality associated with natural hazards. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 23(2), 191–201. doi: 10.1177/0739456X03258635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson, J. M. (1995). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Bryson, J. M., Freeman, R. E., & Roering, W. D. (1986). Strategic planning in the public sector: Approaches and directions. In B. Checkoway (Ed.), Strategic perspectives on planning practice (pp. 65–85). Lexington, MA: DC Heath.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, T. L. (1976). Leisure. Toronto, ON: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, T. L., Ellis, J. B., & Homenuck, H. P. J. (1987). Guidelines for urban open space, planning. Vanier City, ON: Canadian Parks and Recreation Association.
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D., Graham, R., Payne, R., & June, L. (1985a). Evaluation of municipal recreation master plans in Ontario. Recreation Research Review, 12, 28–33.
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D., Graham, R., Payne, R., & June, L. (1985b). Content analysis of municipal culture and recreation master plans in Ontario. Toronto, ON: Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, S. M. (1979). Recreation space, services, and facilities. In F. S. So, I. Stollman, F. Beal, & D. S. Arnold (Eds.), The practice of local government planning (pp. 273–299). Washington, DC: International City Management Association.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, S. M. (1980). Recreation planning and design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, S. M. (1983). A human service approach to recreation planning. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 6, 27–37.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, J. (2009). Planning for recreation and park facilities: Predesign process, principles, and strategies. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. doi: 10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, S. L., & Brooks, K. W. (1983). A planning model for public recreation agencies. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 1(2), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Jaakson, R. (1985). The municipal parks and recreation master plan: Process, product, and philosophy. Leisure Studies, 4, 275–291. doi: 10.1080/02614368500390211
   Google Scholar
• Kelsey, C. W., & Gray, H. R. (1996). Master plan process for parks and recreation. Reston, VA: American Association for Leisure and Recreation an association of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus, R. G., & Curtis, J. E. (1986). Creative management in recreation, parks, and leisure services (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Laurian, L., Day, M., Backhurst, M., Berke, P., Erickson, N., Crawford, J., … Chapman, S. (2004). What drives plan implementation? Plans, planning agencies and developers. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 47(4), 555–577. doi: 10.1080/0964056042000243230
   Google Scholar
• Leone, M. (2008). What gets plans off the shelf? A multi-site case study of the factors influencing municipal recreation plan implementation (Unpublished master's thesis). Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, D. D., Bannon, J. J., & Gray, H. R. (1999). Leisure resources: Its comprehensive planning (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Sport and Recreation Western Australia. (1999). Focus on recreation planning. Retrieved from http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/1999/wa/fo_recreation_plan.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. (1985). Better planning for better recreation. Toronto, ON: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Morckel, V. C. (2010). A call for stakeholder participation in evaluating the implementation of plans. Environment and Planning B – Planning & Design, 37(5), 769–774. doi: 10.1068/b36085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel, S. S. (Ed.). (1999). Policy analysis methods. Commack, NY: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, R. K. (2008). Using content analysis to evaluate local master plans and zoning codes. Land Use Policy, 25, 432–454. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario. (1976a). Guidelines for developing public recreation facility standards. Toronto, ON: Ministry of Culture and Recreation.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario. (1976b). Planning for urban recreational open space: Towards community specific standards. Toronto, ON: Ministry of Housing.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario. (1979). Culture and recreation master planning. Toronto, ON: Ministry of Culture and Recreation.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario. (1985). Planning recreation: A manual of principles and practices. Toronto, ON: Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, D. G. (2007). Leisure planning. In R. McCarville & K. MacKay (Eds.), Leisure for Canadians (pp. 235–240). State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Roeseler, W. G. (1982). Successful American urban plans. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sancton, A. (2000). Amalgamations, service realignment, and property taxes: Did the Harris government have a plan for Ontario municipalities? Canadian Journal of Regional Science, XXIII(1), 135–156.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, D. (2003). Recent changes in provincial – municipal relations in Ontario: A new era or a missed opportunity? Paper presented at the conference on Municipal-Federal-Provincial Relations: New Structures/New Connections, Queen's University Institute for Intergovernmental Relations, Kingston, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Skerrett, A. (1992). History of provincial government services in sport and recreation: 1975 to 1982. Waterloo: Ontario Research Council on Leisure.
   Google Scholar
• Slack, E. (2003). Municipal funding for recreation. Toronto: Laidlaw Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Slack, E., Bourne, L. S., & Gertler, M. S. (2003). Small, rural and remote communities: The anatomy of risk. Toronto, ON: Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing.
   Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (1996a). After the plans: Methods to evaluate the implementation success of plans. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 16, 79–91. doi: 10.1177/0739456X9601600201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (1996b). Do plans get implemented? A review of evaluation in planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 10(3), 248–259. doi: 10.1177/088541229601000302
   Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (1997). Success, failure, and conformance: An alternative approach to planning evaluation. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 24(4), 573–587. doi: 10.1068/b240573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (2005). New Urbanism and American planning: The conflict of cultures. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, P. F. (1984). Comprehensive recreation plans in Ontario. Toronto, ON: Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, P. F. (1985). Comprehensive recreation (master) plans: The case of Ontario. Recreation Research Review, 12(2), 7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wolter, S. A. (1999). Master planning for leisure resources. In D. D. McLean, J. J. Bannon, & H. R. Gray (Eds.), Leisure resources: Its comprehensive planning (pp. 153–209). Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing.
   Google Scholar