Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes

References

• Addis , ME and Mahalik , JR . 2003 . Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking . American Psychologist , 58 : 5 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken , LS and West , SG . 1991 . Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications. .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I . 1985 . “ From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behaviour ” . In Action-control: From cognition to behaviour , Edited by: Kuhl , J and Beckman , J . 11 – 39 . Heidelberg, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Ang , RP , Lim , KM and Tan , A . 2004 . Effects of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes . Current Psychology:Developmental, Learning, Personality , 23 : 203 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Arean , PA , Alvidrez , J , Barrera , A , Robinson , GS and Hicks , S . 2002 . Would older medical patients use psychological services? . The Gerontologist , 42 : 392 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels , SJ . 2003 . Improving the system of care for older adults with mental illness in the United States: Findings and recommendations for the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 : 486 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , JM , Levant , R , McMillan , KK , Kelleher , W and Sellers , A . 2005 . Impact of gender role conflict, traditional masculinity ideology, alexithymia, and age on men's attitudes toward psychological help-seeking . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 6 : 73 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Bland , RC , Newman , SC and Orn , H . 1997 . Help-seeking for psychiatric disorders . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 42 : 935 – 942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash , TF , Begley , PJ , McCown , DA and Weise , BC . 1975 . When counselors are heard but not seen: Initial impact of physical attractiveness . Journal of Counselling Psychology , 22 : 273 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepeda-Benito , A and Short , P . 1998 . Self-concealment, avoidance of psychological services, and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help . Journal of Counselling Psychology , 45 : 58 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currin , JB , Schneider , LJ , Hayslip , B Jr and Kooken , RA . 1998 . Cohort differences in attitudes toward mental health services among older persons . Psychotherapy , 35 : 506 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane , FP and Todd , DM . 1996 . Attitudes and intentions to seek professional psychological help for personal problems or suicidal thinking . Journal of College Student Development , 10 : 45 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis , LR . 1993 . Brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis , MN : National Computer Systems. .
   Google Scholar
• Estes , CL . 1995 . “ Mental health services for the elderly: Key policy elements ” . In Emerging issues in mental health and aging , Edited by: Gatz , M . 303 – 328 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association. .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , EH and Turner , J LeB . 1970 . Orientations to seeking professional help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 35 : 79 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , S . 2002 . The National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being in Australia: Impact on policy . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 47 : 819 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , RR . 1996 . Holden psychological screening inventory manual , North Tonawanda, NY : Multi-Health Systems. .
   Google Scholar
• Holden , RR , Starzyk , KB , McLeod , LD and Edwards , MJ . 2000 . Comparisons among the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) . Assessment , 7 : 163 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , KI , Cornille , TA , Lyons , JS , Vessey , JT , Lueger , RJ and Saunders , SM . 1996 . Patterns of mental health service utilization . Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 : 696 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , AE and Achter , JA . 1995 . Self-concealment and attitudes toward counselling in university students . Journal of Counselling Psychology , 42 : 40 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , RC , Brown , RL and Broman , CL . 1981 . Sex differences in psychiatric help-seeking: Evidence from four large-scale surveys . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 22 : 49 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , RC , Demler , O , Frank , RG , Olfson , M , Pincus , JA Walters , EE . 2005 . Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003 . The New England Journal of Medicine , 352 : 2515 – 2523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , RC , McGonagle , KA , Zhao , S , Nelson , CF , Hughes , M Eshleman , S . 1994 . Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey . Archives of General Psychiatry , 51 : 8 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klap , R , Tschantz Unroe , K and Unutzer , J . 2003 . Caring for mental illness in the United States . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 : 517 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landreville , P , Landry , J , Baillargeon , L , Guerette , A and Matteau , E . 2001 . Older adults’ acceptance of psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 56B : P285 – P291 .
   Google Scholar
• Lebowitz , BD and Niederehe , G . 1992 . “ Concepts and issues in mental health and aging ” . In Handbook of mental health and aging , 2nd , Edited by: Birren , JE , Sloane , RB and Choen , GD . 11 – 26 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , CS , Gekoski , WL and Knox , VJ . 1999 . Do family physicians treat older patients with mental disorders differently from younger patients? . Canadian Family Physician , 45 : 1219 – 1224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , CS , Knox , VJ , Gekoski , WL and Macaulay , HL . 2004 . An adaptation and extension of the Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help scale . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 34 : 2410 – 2435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , CS , Knox , VJ , Smoley , J and Gekoski , WL . 2004 . The influence of age and gender on advice given to depressed people . Journal of Mental Health and Aging , 10 : 311 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• McQuaid , JR , Stein , MB , Laffaye , C and McCahill , ME . 1999 . Depression in a primary care clinic: The prevalence and impact of an unrecognized disorder . Journal of Affective Disorders , 55 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , R , Ness , D and Robinson , M . 2003 . Students’ help-seeking behaviours by gender, racial background, and student status . Canadian Journal of Counselling , 37 : 151 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Norquist , GS and Regier , DA . 1996 . The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders and the de facto mental health care system . Annual Review of Medicine , 47 : 473 – 479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfson , M , Kessler , RC , Berglund , PA and Lin , E . 1998 . Psychiatric disorder onset and first treatment contact in the United States and Ontario . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 1415 – 1422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , A , Goering , P , To , T and Williams , JI . 2002 . Gender and outpatient mental health service use . Social Science & Medicine , 54 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robb , C , Haley , WE , Becker , MA , Polivka , LA and Chwa , H-J . 2003 . Attitudes towards mental health care in younger and older adults: Similarities and differences . Aging & Mental Health , 7 : 142 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokke , PD and Scogin , F . 1995 . Depression treatment preferences in younger and older adults . Journal of Clinical Geropsychology , 1 : 243 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Segal , DL , Mincic , MS , Coolidge , FL and O’Riley , A . 2005 . Beliefs about mental illness and willingness to seek help: A cross-sectional study . Aging & Mental Health , 9 : 363 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , MEP . 1995 . The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports study . The American Psychologist , 50 : 965 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirey , JA , Bruce , ML , Alexopoulos , GS , Perlick , DA , Raue , P Friedman , SJ . 2001 . Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 479 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2006 . Visible minority population, by provinces and territories (2001 Census). Available http://www40.statcan.ca/z01/cs0002_e.htm
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , S . 1998 . Predicting and explaining intentions and behaviour: How well are we doing? . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 28 : 1317 – 1338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel , DL and Wester , SR . 2003 . To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure . Journal of Counselling Psychology , 50 : 351 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , PS , Berglund , P and Kessler , RC . 2000 . Recent care of common mental disorders in the United States . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 15 : 284 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar