Confirmatory factor analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale in Black and White dementia caregivers

References

• Byrne , BM . 2001 . Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , BM , Shavelson , RJ and Muthén , B . 1989 . Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance . Psychological Bulletin , 105 : 456 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clay , OJ , Roth , DL , Wadley , VG and Haley , WE . 2008 . Changes in social support and their impact on psychosocial outcome over a 5-year period for African American and White dementia caregivers . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 23 : 857 – 862 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson , H , Feldman , PH and Crawford , S . 1994 . Measuring depressive symptoms in the frail elderly . Journals of Gerontology , 49 : P159 – P164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dilworth-Anderson , P , Canty Williams , I and Gibson , BE . 2002 . Issues of race, ethnicity, and culture in caregiving research: A 20-year review (1980–2000) . The Gerontologist , 42 : 237 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garson , GD . (2004). Structural equation modeling example using WinAMOS (webpage), from http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/semAMOS1.htm
   Google Scholar
• Hales , DP , Dishman , RK , Motl , RW , Addy , CL , Pfeiffer , KA and Pate , RR . 2006 . Factorial validity and invariance of the center for epidemiologic studies depression (CES-D) scale in a sample of Black and White adolescent girls . Ethnicity and Disease , 16 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertzog , C , Van Alstine , J , Usala , PD , Hultsch , DF and Dixon , R . 1990 . Measurement properties of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in older populations . Psychological Assessment , 2 : 64 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinrichsen , GA and Ramirez , M . 1992 . Black and white dementia caregivers: A comparison of their adaptation, adjustment, and service utilization . The Gerontologist , 32 : 375 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L-T and Bentler , PM . 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal , 6 : 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janevic , MR and Connell , CM . 2001 . Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in the dementia caregiving experience . The Gerontologist , 41 : 334 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , BG , Flynn Longmire , CV , Dave , J , Kim , JH and David , S . 2007 . Mental health and physical health of family caregivers for persons with dementia: A comparison of African American and white caregivers . Aging and Mental Health , 11 : 538 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , BG and McCallum , TJ . 1998 . Heart rate reactivity and depression in African-American and white dementia caregivers: Reporting bias or positive coping? . Aging and Mental Health , 2 : 212 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , BG , Silverstein , M , McCallum , TJ and Fox , LS . 2000 . A socio-cultural stress and coping model for mental health outcomes among African American caregivers in Southern California . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 55B : 142 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Lubke , GH , Dolan , CV , Kelderman , H and Mellenbergh , GJ . 2003 . Weak measurement invariance with respect to unmeasured variables: An implication of strict factorial invariance . British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , 56 : 231 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum , RC . 1995 . “ Procedures, strategies, and related issues ” . In Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications , Edited by: Hoyle , RH . 16 – 36 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Mackinnon , A , McCallum , J , Andrews , G and Anderson , I . 1998 . The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in older community samples in Indonesia, North Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 53B : P343 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• Meredith , W and Teresi , JA . 2006 . An essay on measurement and factorial invariance . Medical Care , 44 : S69 – S77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mui , AC , Burnette , D and Chen , LM . 2001 . Cross-cultural assessment of geriatric depression: A review of the CES-D and the GDS . Journal of Mental Health and Aging , 7 : 137 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen , HT , Kitner-Triolo , M , Evans , MK and Zonderman , AB . 2004 . Factorial invariance of the CES-D in low socioeconomic status African Americans compared with a nationally representative sample . Psychiatry Research , 126 : 177 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke , N . 2003 . Research note: Equivalence of French and English Language Versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) among caregivers of persons with dementia . Canadian Journal on Aging , 22 : 323 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke , N . 2005 . Factor Structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) among older men and women who provide care to persons with dementia . International Journal of Testing , 5 : 265 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Ory , MG , Hoffman III , RR , Yee , JL , Tennstedt , R and Schulz , S . 1999 . Prevalence and impact of caregiving: A detailed comparison between dementia and nondementia caregivers . The Gerontologist , 39 : 177 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinquart , M and Sorensen , S . 2005 . Ethnic differences in stressors, resources, and psychological outcomes of family caregiving: A meta-analysis . The Gerontologist , 45 : 90 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , SF , Stewart , AL , Marín , G and Pérez-Stable , EJ . 2001 . Factor validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among urban Latinos . Ethnicity and Health , 6 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , LS . 1977 . The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , LS and Teri , L . 1986 . Use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale with older adults . Clinical Gerontologist , 5 : 119 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , DL , Ackerman , ML , Okonkwo , OC and Burgio , LD . 2008 . The four-factor model of depressive symptoms in dementia caregivers: A structural equation model of ethnic differences . Psychology and Aging , 23 : 567 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , R , O’Brien , AT , Bookwala , J and Fleissner , K . 1995 . Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes . The Gerontologist , 35 : 771 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacker , RE and Lomax , RG . 1996 . A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Sleath , B , Thorpe , J , Landerman , LR , Doyle , M and Clipp , E . 2005 . African-American and White caregivers of older adults with dementia: Differences in depressive symptomatology and psychotropic drug use . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 53 : 397 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörensen , S and Pinquart , M . 2005 . Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship of caregiving stressors, resources, and sociodemographic variables to caregiver depression and perceived physical health . Aging and Mental Health , 9 : 482 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , S.G. , Finch , J.F. and Curran , P.J. 1995 . “ Structural equation model with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies ” . In Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications , Edited by: Hoyle , R.H. 54 – 75 . Tousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , CD , Taylor , TR , Makambi , K , Harrell , J , Palmer , JR , Rosenberg , L and Adams-Campbell , LL . 2007 . CES-D four-factor structure is confirmed, but not invariant, in a large cohort of African American women . Psychiatry Research , 150 : 173 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar