502
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the Brief Agitation Rating Scale (BARS) in dementia

&
Pages 252-258 | Received 03 Dec 2009, Accepted 16 Aug 2010, Published online: 06 Dec 2010

References

  • Alexopoulos , GS , Abrams , RC , Young , RC and Shamoian , CA . 1988 . Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia . Biological Psychiatry , 23 : 271 – 284 .
  • Archer , N , Brown , RG , Reeves , SJ , Boothby , H , Nicholas , H , Foy , C Lovestone , S . 2007 . Premorbid personality and behavioral and psychological symptoms in probable Alzheimer disease . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 : 202 – 213 .
  • Asberg , M , Traskman , L and Thoren , P . 1976 . 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: A biochemical suicide predictor? . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 : 1193 – 1197 .
  • Ballard , C , Hanney , ML , Theodoulou , M , Douglas , S , McShane , R , Kossakowski , K Jacoby , R . 2009 . The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): Long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial . Lancet Neurology , 8 : 151 – 157 .
  • Bartels , SJ , Horn , SD , Smout , RJ , Dums , AR , Flaherty , E , Jones , JK Voss , AC . 2003 . Agitation and depression in frail nursing home elderly patients with dementia: Treatment characteristics and service use . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 : 231 – 238 .
  • Brodaty , H , Draper , B , Saab , D , Low , LF , Richards , V , Paton , H and Lie , D . 2001 . Psychosis, depression and behavioural disturbances in Sydney nursing home residents: Prevalence and predictors . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 16 : 504 – 512 .
  • Burgio , LD , Scilley , K , Hardin , JM , Janosky , J , Bonino , P , Slater , SC and Engberg , R . 1994 . Studying disruptive vocalization and contextual factors in the nursing home using computer-assisted real-time observation . Journal of Gerontology , 49 : P230 – P239 .
  • Chaves , ML , Camozzato , AL , Godinho , C , Kochhann , R , Schuh , A , de Almeida , VL and Kaye , J . 2007 . Validity of the clinical dementia rating scale for the detection and staging of dementia in Brazilian patients . Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorder , 21 : 210 – 217 .
  • Choy , CN , Lam , LC , Chan , WC , Li , SW and Chiu , HF . 2001 . Agitation in Chinese elderly: Validation of the Chinese version of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory . International Psychogeriatrics , 13 : 325 – 335 .
  • Cohen-Mansfield , J . 1995 . Assessment of disruptive behavior/agitation in the elderly: Function, methods, and difficulties . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 8 : 52 – 60 .
  • Cohen-Mansfield , J and Billig , N . 1986 . Agitated behaviors in the elderly I: A conceptual review . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 34 : 711 – 721 .
  • Cohen-Mansfield , J and Deutsch , LH . 1996 . Agitation: Subtypes and their mechanisms . Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 1 : 325 – 339 .
  • Cohen-Mansfield , J , Marx , MS and Rosenthal , AS . 1989 . A description of agitation in a nursing home . Journal of Gerontology , 44 : M77 – M84 .
  • Cohen-Mansfield , J and Werner , P . 1998 . Longitudinal changes in behavioral problems in old age: A study in an adult day care population . Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 53 : M65 – M71 .
  • Cohen-Mansfield , J , Werner , P and Marx , MS . 1989 . An observational study of agitation in agitated nursing home residents . International Psychogeriatrics , 1 : 153 – 165 .
  • Cummings , JL , Mega , M , Gray , K , Rosenberg-Thompson , S , Carusi , DA and Gornbein , J . 1994 . The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia . Neurology , 44 : 2308 – 2314 .
  • de Jonghe , JF and Kat , MG . 1996 . Factor structure and validity of the Dutch version of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI-D) . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 44 : 888 – 889 .
  • Ellis , JL . 2006 . Factors associated with behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia residing in assisted living , Milwaukee, WI, , USA : University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee .
  • Finkel , SJ , Lyons , JS and Anderson , RL . 1992 . Reliability and validity of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory in institutionalized elderly . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 7 : 487 – 490 .
  • Finkel , SI , Lyons , JS and Anderson , RL . 1993 . A brief agitation rating scale (BARS) for nursing home elderly . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 41 : 50 – 52 .
  • Folstein , MF , Folstein , SE and McHugh , PR . 1975 . “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
  • Gottfries , CG , Gottfries , I and Roos , BE . 1969 . Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with senile dementia, presenile dementia and parkinsonism . Journal of Neurochemistry , 16 : 1341 – 1345 .
  • Gottfries , CG and Nyth , AL . 1991 . Effect of citalopram, a selective 5-HT reuptake blocker, in emotionally disturbed patients with dementia . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 640 : 276 – 279 .
  • Hope , T and Fairburn , CG . 1992 . The Present Behavioural Examination (PBE): The development of an interview to measure current behavioural abnormalities . Psychological Medicine , 22 : 223 – 230 .
  • Hughes , CP , Berg , L , Danziger , WL , Coben , LA and Martin , RL . 1982 . A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 566 – 572 .
  • Kirkevold , O , Sandvik , L and Engedal , K . 2004 . Use of constraints and their correlates in Norwegian nursing homes . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 : 980 – 988 .
  • Lyketsos , CG , Lopez , O , Jones , B , Fitzpatrick , AL , Breitner , J and deKosky , S . 2002 . Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the cardiovascular health study . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 1475 – 1483 .
  • Mega , MS , Cummings , JL , Fiorello , T and Gornbein , J . 1996 . The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 46 : 130 – 135 .
  • Meins , W , Frey , A and Thiesemann , R . 1998 . Premorbid personality traits in Alzheimer's disease: Do they predispose to noncognitive behavioral symptoms? . International Psychogeriatrics , 10 : 369 – 378 .
  • Palmstierna , T and Wistedt , B . 1987 . Staff observation aggression scale, SOAS: Presentation and evaluation . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 76 : 657 – 663 .
  • Patel , V and Hope , RA . 1992 . Aggressive behaviour in elderly psychiatric inpatients . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 85 : 131 – 135 .
  • Piccini , C , Bracco , L , Falcini , M , Pracucci , G and Amaducci , L . 1995 . Natural history of Alzheimer's disease: Prognostic value of plateaux . Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 131 : 177 – 182 .
  • Rabinowitz , J , Davidson , M , De Deyn , PP , Katz , I , Brodaty , H and Cohen-Mansfield , J . 2005 . Factor analysis of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory in three large samples of nursing home patients with dementia and behavioral disturbance . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 13 : 991 – 998 .
  • Reisberg , B , Borenstein , J , Salob , SP , Ferris , SH , Franssen , E and Georgotas , A . 1987 . Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: Phenomenology and treatment . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 48 : 9 – 15 .
  • Rosen , J , Burgio , L , Kollar , M , Cain , M , Allison , M , Fogleman , M Zubenko , GS . 1994 . The Pittsburgh Agitation Scale: A user-friendly instrument for rating agitation in dementia patients . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 2 : 60 – 74 .
  • Schneider , LS , Ismail , MS , Dagerman , K , Davis , S , Olin , J , McManus , D Tariot , PN . 2003 . Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE): Alzheimer's disease trial . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 29 : 57 – 72 .
  • Schreiner , AS , Yamamoto , E and Shiotani , H . 2000 . Agitated behavior in elderly nursing home residents with dementia in Japan . Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 55 : P180 – P186 .
  • Selbaek , G , Kirkevold , O and Engedal , K . 2007 . The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and behavioural disturbances and the use of psychotropic drugs in Norwegian nursing homes . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 22 : 843 – 849 .
  • Selbaek , G , Kirkevold , O and Engedal , K . 2008 . The course of psychiatric and behavioral symptoms and the use of psychotropic medication in patients with dementia in Norwegian nursing homes – A 12-month follow-up study . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 16 : 528 – 536 .
  • Shah , A , Evans , H and Parkash , N . 1998 . Evaluation of three aggression/agitation behaviour rating scales for use on an acute admission and assessment psychogeriatric ward . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 13 : 415 – 420 .
  • Silver , JM and Yudofsky , SC . 1991 . The Overt Aggression Scale: Overview and guiding principles . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 3 : S22 – S29 .
  • Soininen , H , MacDonald , E , Rekonen , M and Riekkinen , PJ . 1981 . Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 64 : 101 – 107 .
  • Sommer , OH , Aga , O , Cvancarova , M , Olsen , IC , Selbaek , G and Engedal , K . 2009 . Effect of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of agitation and aggression in severe dementia . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 27 : 155 – 163 .
  • Sourial , R , McCusker , J , Cole , M and Abrahamowicz , M . 2001 . Agitation in demented patients in an acute care hospital: Prevalence, disruptiveness, and staff burden . International Psychogeriatrics , 13 : 183 – 197 .
  • Suh , GH . 2004 . Agitated behaviours among the institutionalized elderly with dementia: Validation of the Korean version of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 : 378 – 385 .
  • Teri , L . 1997 . Behavior and caregiver burden: Behavioral problems in patients with Alzheimer disease and its association with caregiver distress . Alzheimer disease and associated disorders , 11 : S35 – S38 .
  • Testad , I , Aasland , AM and Aarsland , D . 2005 . The effect of staff training on the use of restraint in dementia: A single-blind randomised controlled trial . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 20 : 587 – 590 .
  • Ulstein , I , Bruun Wyller , T and Engedal , K . 2007 . The relative stress scale, a useful instrument to identify various aspects of carer burden in dementia? . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 22 : 61 – 67 .
  • Weiner , MF , Tractenberg , RE , Jin , S , Gamst , A , Thomas , RG , Koss , E and Thal , LJ . 2002 . Assessing Alzheimer's disease patients with the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory: Scoring and clinical implications . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 36 : 19 – 25 .
  • Wood , S , Cummings , JL , Hsu , MA , Barclay , T , Wheatley , MV , Yarema , KT and Schnelle , JF . 2000 . The use of the neuropsychiatric inventory in nursing home residents. Characterization and measurement . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 8 : 75 – 83 .
  • Yudofsky , SC , Kopecky , HJ , Kunik , M , Silver , JM and Endicott , J . 1997 . The Overt Agitation Severity Scale for the objective rating of agitation . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 9 : 541 – 548 .
  • Yudofsky , SC , Silver , JM , Jackson , W , Endicott , J and Williams , D . 1986 . The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 35 – 39 .
  • Zuidema , SU , de Jonghe , JF , Verhey , FR and Koopmans , RT . 2007 . Agitation in Dutch institutionalized patients with dementia: Factor analysis of the Dutch version of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 23 : 35 – 41 .
  • Zuidema , SU , Derksen , E , Verhey , FR and Koopmans , RT . 2007 . Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a large sample of Dutch nursing home patients with dementia . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 22 : 632 – 638 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.