Late-life bereavement and complicated grief: A proposed comprehensive framework

References

• Aartsen , MJ , van Tilburg , T , Smits , CH , Comijs , HC and Knipscheer , KP . 2005 . Does widowhood affect memory performance of older adults? . Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences , 35 : 217 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Allumbaugh , DL and Hoyt , WT . 1999 . Effectiveness of grief therapy: A meta-analysis . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46 : 370 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author
   Google Scholar
• Auster , T , Moutier , C , Lanouette , N and Zisook , S . 2008 . Bereavement and depression: Implications for diagnosis and treatment . Psychiatric Annals , 38 : 655 – 661 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , AT . 1967 . Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects , London : Stable Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , AT , Steer , RA and Brown , GK . 1996 . Manual for the beck depression inventory-II , San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Beutler, L.E., & Malik, M.L. (Eds.). (2002). Rethinking the DSM: A psychological perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
   Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA . 2006 . Cognitive-behavioral therapy for complicated grief: Theoretical underpinnings and case descriptions . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 11 ( 1 ) : 1 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA , de Keijser , J , van den Hout , MA and van den Bout , J . 2007 . Treatment of complicated grief: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive therapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 : 277 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA and Prigerson , GG . 2007 . The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults: A prospective study . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 257 : 444 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA and van den Bout , J . 2003 . Gender differences in traumatic grief symptoms severity after the loss of a spouse . OMEGA: The Journal of Death and Dying , 46 : 183 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA and van den Bout , J . 2005 . Complicated grief, depression, and anxiety as distinct postloss syndromes: A confirmatory factor analysis study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 2175 – 2177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA and van den Bout , J . 2008 . Complicated grief and uncomplicated grief are distinguishable constructs . Psychiatry Research , 157 : 311 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA , van den Bout , J and de Keijser , J . 2003 . Traumatic grief as disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: A replication study with bereaved mental health care patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 1339 – 1341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA , van den Bout , J , de Keijser , J and Hoijtink , H . 2003 . Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (ITG) . Death Studies , 27 : 227 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , PA , van den Schoot , R , van den Hout , M , de Keijser , J and van den Bout , J . 2010 . Prolonged grief disorder, depression, an posttraumatic stress disorder are distinguishable syndromes . Journal of Affective Disorders , 125 : 374 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , GA . 2006 . Is complicated grief a valid construct? . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 13 : 129 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , GA , Goorin , L and Coifman , KG . 2008 . “ Sadness and grief ” . In Handbook of emotions, , 3rd , Edited by: Lewis , M. , Haviland-Jones , J.M. and Barrett , L.F. 797 – 810 . New York , NY : Guildford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno , GA and Kaltman , S . 1999 . Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement . Psychological Bulletin , 125 : 760 – 776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , GA and Lilienfeld , SO . 2008 . Lets be realistic: When grief counseling is effective and when it's not . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 39 : 377 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , GA , Neria , Y , Mancini , A , Coifman , KG , Litz , B and Insel , B . 2007 . Is there more to complicated grief than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder? A test of incremental validity . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 116 : 342 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , GA , Nesse , RM and Wortman , CB . 2004 . Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood . Psychology and Aging , 19 : 260 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , GA , Wortman , CB , Lehman , DR , Tweed , RG , Haring , M , Sonnega , J Nesse , RM . 2002 . Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 1150 – 1164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botella , C , Osma , J , Palacious , A , Garcia , A , Guillen , V and Banos , R . 2008 . Treatment of complicated grief using virtual reality: A case report . Death Studies , 32 : 674 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen , LJ and O’Connor , M . 2007 . The fundamental paradox in the grief literature: A critical reflection . Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying , 55 : 199 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , DT and Fiske , DW . 1959 . Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix . Psychological Bulletin , 56 : 81 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , D , House , JS , Kessler , RC , Nesse , RM , Sonnega , J and Wortman , C . 2000 . Marital quality and psychological adjustment to widowhood among older adults: A longitudinal analysis . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 55B : S197 – S207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, D., Nesse, R.M., & Wortman, C.B. (Eds.). (2006). Spousal bereavement in late life. New York, NY: Springer
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen , LL . 1995 . Evidence for a life span theory of socioemotional selectivity . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 4 : 151 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catlin , G . 1993 . The role of culture in grief . Journal of Social Psychology , 133 : 173 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambless , DL and Hollon , SD . 1998 . Defining empirically supported therapies . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 : 7 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowells , KV . 1996 . Cultural perspectives of grief: An expanded concept analysis . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 23 : 287 – 294 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cronbach , LJ and Meehl , PE . 1955 . Construct validity in psychological tests . Psychological Bulletin , 52 : 281 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier , JM , Neimeyer , RA and Berman , JS . 2008 . The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons: A comprehensive quantitative review . Psychological Bulletin , 134 : 648 – 661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillen , L , Fontaine , JJ and Verhofstadt-Deneve , L . 2008 . Are normal and complicated grief different constructs? A confimatory factor analytic test . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 15 : 386 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers , A . 2006 . Understanding and treating complicated grief: What can we learn from posttraumatic stress disorder? . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 13 : 135 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlangsen , A , Jeune , B , Bille-Brahe , U and Vaupel , JW . 2004 . Loss of partner and suicide risks among oldest old: A population-based register study . Age and Ageing , 33 : 378 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Interagency Forum on Age-Related Statistics . 2008 . Older Americans 2008: Key indicators of well-being , Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Forstmeier , S and Maercker , A . 2007 . Comparison of two diagnostic systems for complicated grief . Journal of Affective Disorders , 99 : 203 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1963). Mourning and melancholia (J. Riviere, Transl.). In General psychology theory. New York, NY: Collier (Original work published 1917)
   Google Scholar
• Gilewski , MJ , Farberow , NL , Gallager , DE and Thompson , LW . 1991 . Interaction of depression and bereavement on mental health in the elderly . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 67 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkin , K , Lee , D , Molina , R , Zheng , W , Frasca , A , O’Mellan , S Khamis , I . 2005–2006 . Complicated bereavement: Disease state or state of being? . Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying , 52 : 21 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Granek , L . 2010 . Grief as pathology: The evolution of grief theory in psychology from Freud to the Present . History of Psychology , 13 : 46 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , MJ , Prigerson , HG and Litz , BT . 2004 . “ Conceptual and definitional issues in complicated grief ” . In Early interventions for trauma and traumatic loss , Edited by: Litz , B.T. 65 – 84 . New York , NY : Guildford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , M . 1960 . A rating scale for depression . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 23 : 56 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson , RO , Hayslip , B and Stroebe , MS . 2007 . “ Grief and bereavement ” . In Handbook of gerontology: Evidence-based approaches to therapy, practice, and policy , Edited by: Blackburn , J.A. and Dulmus , C.N. 367 – 394 . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hansson, R.O., & Stroebe, M.S. (Eds.). (2007). Bereavement in late life: Coping, adaptation, and developmental influences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
   Google Scholar
• Hensley , PL . 2006 . A review of bereavement-related depression and complicated grief . Psychiatric Annals , 36 : 619 – 627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan , NS , Greenfield , DB and Schmidt , LA . 2001 . Development and validation of the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist . Death Studies , 25 ( 1 ) : 1 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan , NS , Worden , JW and Schmidt , LA . 2003–2004 . An empirical study of the proposed complicated grief disorder criteria . Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying , 48 : 263 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , JM , Neimeyer , RA , Boelen , PA and Prigerson , HG . 2009 . The underlying structure of grief: A taxometri investigation of prolonged and normal reactions to loss . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 31 : 190 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , MJ , Bonanno , GA and Holen , A . 1993 . Pathological grief: Diagnosis and explanation . Psychosomatic Medicine , 55 : 260 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , MJ , Siegel , B , Holen , A , Bonanno , GA , Milbrath , C and Stinson , CH . 1997 . Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 904 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impens , A . 2005 . Bereavement related mortaliity among older adults . Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering , 66 : 846
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , S . 1993 . Pathological grief: Maladaptation to loss , Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , S , Kasl , S , Ostfeld , A , Berkman , L , Kosten , TR and Charpentier , P . 1986 . The measurement of grief: Bereaved vs. non-bereaved . The Hospice Journal , 2 : 21 – 36 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobs , S , Mazure , C and Prigerson , H . 2000 . Diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief . Death Studies , 24 : 185 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , JR and Neimeyer , RA . 2003 . Does grief counseling work? . Death Studies , 27 : 765 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato , PM and Mann , T . 1999 . A synthesis of psychological interventions for the bereaved . Clinical Psychology Review , 19 : 275 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubler-Ross , E . 1969 . On death and dying , New York , NY : Scribner .
   Google Scholar
• Lalande , KM and Bonanno , GA . 2006 . Culture and continuing bonds: A prospective comparison of bereavement in the United States and the People's Republic of China . Death Studies , 30 : 303 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langner , R and Maercker , A . 2005 . Complicated grief as a stress response disorder: Evaluating diagnostic criteria in a German sample . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 58 : 235 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R and Folkman , S . 1984 . Stress, appraisal, and coping , New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M and Carr , D . 2007 . Does the context of spousal loss affect the physical functioning of older widowed persons? A longitudinal analysis . Research on Aging , 29 : 454 – 487 .
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenthal , WG , Cruess , DG and Prigerson , HG . 2004 . A case for establishing complicated grief as a distinct mental disorder in DSM-V . Clinical Psychology Review , 24 : 637 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld , SO . 2007 . Psychological treatments that cause harm . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 2 : 53 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom , TC . 2002 . It ain’t necessarily so … Challenging mainstream thinking about bereavement . Family and Community Health , 25 : 11 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejewski , PK , Zhang , B , Block , SD and Prigerson , H . 2007 . An empirical examination of the stage theory of grief . Journal of the American Medical Association , 297 : 716 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , LT and Marwit , SJ . 2004 . Complicated grief and the trend toward cognitive-behavioral therapy . Death Studies , 28 : 849 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melham , NM , Rosales , C , Karageorge , J , Reynolds , CF , Frank , E and Shear , K . 2001 . Comorbidity of Axis I disorders in patients with traumatic grief . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 : 884 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer , RA . 2006 . Complicated grief and the restruction of meaning: Conceptual and empirical contributions to a cognitive-constructivist model . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 13 : 141 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , FH and Murrell , SA . 1990 . Social support, life events, and stress as modifiers of adjustment to bereavement by older adults . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 429 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onrust , SA and Cuijpers , P . 2006 . Mood and anxiety disorders in widowhood: A systematic review . Aging and Mental Health , 10 : 327 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott , CH , Lueger , RJ , Kelber , ST and Prigerson , HG . 2007 . Spousal bereavement in older adults: Common, resilient, and chronic grief with defining characteristics . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 195 : 332 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes , CM and Prigerson , HG . 2010 . Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life, , 4th , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Piper , WE . 2006 . Short-term group therapy for complicated grief . Directions in Psychiatry , 26 : 69 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Prigerson , HG , Bierhals , AJ , Kasl , SV , Reynolds , C.F. III , Shear , MK , Newsom , JT and Jacobs , S . 1996 . Complicated grief as disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: A replication study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 1484 – 1486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson , HG , Frank , E , Kasl , SV , Reynolds , CF , Andersen , B , Zubenko , GS Kupfer , DJ . 1995b . Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 22 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson , HG , Horowitz , MJ , Jacobs , SC , Parkes , CM , Aslan , M , Goodkin , K Maciejewski , PK . 2009 . Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11 . PloS Medicine , 6 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson , HG and Jacobs , SC . 2001 . “ Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder: A rationale consensus criteria, and a preliminary empirical test ” . In Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care , Edited by: Stroebe , M.S. , Hannson , R.O. , Stroebe , W. and Schut , H. 613 – 646 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Prigerson, H.G., & Maciejewski, P.K. (2005–2006). A call for sound empirical testing and evaluation of criteria for complicated grief proposed for DSM-V. OMEGA: Journal of Death and Dying, 52, 9–19
   Google Scholar
• Prigerson , HG , Maciejewski , PK , Reynolds , C.F. III , Bierhals , AJ , Newsom , JT , Fasiczka , A Miller , M . 1995a . Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss . Psychiatry Research , 59 : 65 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson , HG , Shear , K , Jacobs , SC , Reynolds , CF , Maciejewski , PK , Davidson , JR Zisook , S . 1999 . Consenus criteria for traumatic grief: A preliminary empirical test . British Journal of Psychiatry , 174 : 67 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L . 1977 . The CES-D scale: A self-repot depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 381 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , VE and Balaswamy , S . 2001 . Coping with bereavement among elderly widowers . Omega: Journal of Death and Dying , 43 : 129 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt , PC . 2008 . “ Grief across cultures: A review and research agenda ” . In Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention , Edited by: Stroebe , M.S. , Hansson , R.O. , Shut , H. and Stroebe , W. 207 – 222 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Rozenzweig , A , Prigerson , H , Miller , MD and Reynolds , C.F. III . 1991 . Bereavement and late-life depression: Grief and its complications in the elderly . Annual Review of Medicine , 48 : 421 – 428 .
   Google Scholar
• Safer , MA , Bonanno , GA and Field , NP . 2001 . It was never that bad. Biased recall of grief and long term adjustment to the death of a spouse . Memory , 9 : 195 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear , MK and Frank , E . 2006 . “ Treatment of complicated grief: Integrating cognitive-behavioral methods with other treatment approaches ” . In Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma, , 2nd , 290 – 320 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shear , MK , Frank , E , Foa , E , Cherry , C , Reynolds , C.F. III , Vander Bilt , J Masters , S . 2001 . Traumatic grief treatment: A pilot study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 1506 – 1508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear , MK , Frank , E , Houck , PR and Reynolds , C.F. III . 2005 . Treatment of complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 293 : 2601 – 2608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , B and Raphael , B . 1981 . Postdisaster morbidity of the bereaved: A possible role of preventive psychiatry? . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 169 : 203 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , L , Kalus , C , Russell , P and Skinner , TC . 2009 . Exploring current service provision for prolonged grief disorder and suggestions for future advances . Mortality , 14 : 53 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Stroebe , MS , Folkman , S , Hansson , RO and Schut , H . 2006 . The prediction of bereavement outcome: Development of an integrative risk framework . Social Science and Medicine , 63 : 2440 – 2451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe, M.S., Hansson, R.O., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of bereavement research and science: Advances in theory and intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
   Google Scholar
• Stroebe , MS and Schut , H . 1999 . The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description . Death Studies , 23 : 197 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , W and Schut , H . 2001 . “ Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review ” . In Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping and care , Edited by: Stroebe , M. , Hansson , R.O. , Stroebe , W. and Schut , H. 349 – 371 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Stroebe , MS and Schut , H . 2010 . The dual process model of coping with bereavement: A decade on . Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying , 61 : 273 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , W , Schut , H and Stroebe , MS . 2005 . Grief work, disclosure and counseling: Do they help the bereaved? . Clinical Psychology Review , 25 : 395 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , MS , Schut , H and Stroebe , W . 2007 . Health outcomes of bereavement . Lancet , 370 : 1960 – 1973 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , MS and Stroebe , W . 1989–1990 . Who participates in bereavement research? A review and empirical study . OMEGA: The Journal of Death and Dying , 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , MS , Stroebe , W and Schut , H . 2003 . Bereavement research: Methodological issues and ethical concerns . Palliative Medicine , 17 : 235 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , M , van Son , M , Stroebe , W , Kleber , R , Schut , H and van den Bout , J . 2000 . On the classification and diagnosis of pathological grief . Clinical Psychology Review , 20 : 57 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , LW , Tang , PC , di Mario , J , Cusing , M and Gallagher-Thomspn , D . 2007 . “ Bereavement and adjustment disorders ” . In Essentials of geriatric psychiatry , Edited by: Blazer , D.G. , Steffens , D.C. and Busse , E.W. 219 – 239 . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• US Deparment of Health and Human Services. (2010). Health, United States, 2009, with special feature on medical technology. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics
   Google Scholar
• van Baarsen , B , van Duijn , MA , Smit , JH , Snijders , TA and Knipscheer , KP . 2001–2002 . Patterns of adjustment to partner loss in old age: The widowhood adaptation longitudinal study . Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying , 44 : 5 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• van der Houwen , K , Stroebe , M , Stroebe , W , Schut , H , van den Bout , J and Winjgaards-De Meij , L . 2010 . Risk factors for bereavement outcome: A multivariate approach . Death Studies , 34 : 195 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , B , Knaevelsrud , C and Maercker , A . 2006 . Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for complicated grief: A randomized control trial . Death Studies , 30 : 429 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , B and Maercker , A . 2007 . A 1.5-year follow-up of an internet-based intervention for complicated grief . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 20 : 625 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , CA and McCoyd , JLM . 2009 . Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective , New York , NY : Spring Publishing Company, LLC .
   Google Scholar
• Whitbourne, S.K., & Meeks, S. (2010). Psychopathology, bereavement and aging. In K.W. Schaie & S.L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook on the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 363–377). San Diego, CA: Elsevier
   Google Scholar
• Worden , WJ . 2009 . Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner , New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Wortman , CB and Silver , RC . 1989 . The myths of coping with loss . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 57 : 349 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , B , El-Jawahri , A and Prigerson , HG . 2006 . Update on bereavement research: Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of complicated bereavement . Journal of Palliative Medicine , 9 : 1188 – 1203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisook , S , DeVaul , RA and Click Jr , MA . 1982 . Measuring symptoms of grief and bereavement . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 1590 – 1593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar