3,608
Views
135
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Memory training interventions for older adults: A meta-analysis

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 722-734 | Received 04 Nov 2011, Accepted 26 Jan 2012, Published online: 16 Mar 2012

References

  • Acevedo , A and Loewenstein , DA . 2007 . Nonpharmacological cognitive interventions in aging and dementia . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 20 : 239 – 249 .
  • Andrewes , DG , Kinsella , G and Murphy , M . 1996 . Using a memory handbook to improve everyday memory in community-dwelling older adults with memory complaints . Experimental Aging Research , 22 : 305 – 322 .
  • Ball , K , Berch , DB , Helmers , KF , Jobe , JB , Leveck , MD , Marsiske , M Willis , SL . 2002 . Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 2271 – 2281 .
  • Becker , H , McDougall , GJ , Douglas , NE and Arheart , KL . 2008 . Comparing the efficiency of eight-session versus four-session memory intervention for older adults . Archives of Psychiatric Nursing , 22 : 87 – 94 .
  • Belleville , S . 2008 . Cognitive training for persons with mild cognitive impairment . International Psychogeriatrics , 20 : 57 – 66 .
  • Best , DL , Hamlett , KW and Davis , SW . 1992 . Memory complaints and memory performance in the elderly: The effects of memory-skills training and expectancy change . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 6 : 405 – 416 .
  • Bherer , L , Kramer , AF , Peterson , MS , Colcombe , S , Erickson , K and Becic , E . 2006 . Testing the limits of cognitive plasticity in older adults: Application to attentional control . Acta Psychologica , 123 : 261 – 278 .
  • Bjorklund , DF and Douglas , RN . 1997 . “ The development of memory strategies ” . In The development of memory in childhood , Edited by: Cowan , N . 201 – 246 . Hove East Sussex : Psychology Press .
  • Bjorklund , DF , Schneider , W , Cassel , WS and Ashley , E . 1994 . Training and extension of a memory strategy: Evidence for utilization deficiencies in the acquisition of an organizational strategy in high- and low-IQ children . Child Development , 65 : 951 – 965 .
  • Bonferroni , CE . 1935 . Il calcolo delle assicurazioni su gruppi di teste . Studi in Onore del Professore Salvatore Ortu Carboni , Rome, Italy : 13 – 60 .
  • Bousfield , WA . 1953 . The occurrence of clustering in recall of randomly arranged associates . The Journal of General Psychology , 49 : 229 – 240 .
  • Bower , GH . 1970 . Analysis of a mnemonic device . American Scientist , 58 : 496 – 510 .
  • Brandt , J and Benedict , RHB . 2001 . Hopkins verbal learning test-revised: Professional manual , Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Burden , B . 1988 . The memory master method , Dallas , TX : Billy Burden School of Memory & Attitude .
  • Buschkuehl , M , Jaeggi , SM , Hutchison , S , Perrig-Chiello , P , Däpp , C , Müller , M Perrig , WJ . 2008 . Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults . Psychology and Aging , 23 : 743 – 753 .
  • Calero-Gracia , MD and Navarro-Gonzalez , E . 2007a . Cognitive plasticity as a modulating variable on the effects of memory training in elderly persons . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 : 63 – 72 .
  • Calero-Garcia , MD and Navarro-Gonzalez , E . 2007b . Effectiveness of a memory training programme in the maintenance of status in elderly people with and without cognitive decline . Psychology in Spain , 11 : 106 – 112 .
  • Camp , CJ . 1989 . “ Facilitation of new learning in Alzheimer's disease ” . In Memory and aging: Theory, research, and practice , Edited by: Gilmore , G , Whitehouse , P and Wykle , M . 212 – 225 . New York : Springer .
  • Caprio-Prevette , MD and Fry , PS . 1996 . Memory enhancement program for community–based older adults: Development and evaluation . Experimental Aging Research , 22 : 281 – 303 .
  • Carretti , B , Borella , E and De Beni , R . 2007 . Does strategic memory training improve the working memory performance of younger and older adults? . Experimental Psychology , 54 : 311 – 320 .
  • Chambless , DL and Hollon , SD . 1998 . Defining empirically supported therapies . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 : 7 – 18 .
  • Cherry , KE and Simmons-D’Gerolamo , SS . 2005 . Long-term effectiveness of spaced-retrieval memory training for older adults with probable Alzheimer's disease . Experimental Aging Research , 31 : 261 – 289 .
  • Colcombe , S and Kramer , AF . 2003 . Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study . Psychological Science , 14 : 125 – 130 .
  • Clare , L and Woods , RT . 2004 . Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer disease: A review . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 14 : 385 – 401 .
  • Craik , FIM . 1981 . “ Encoding and retrieval effects in human memory: A partial review ” . In Attention and performance , Edited by: Long , JB . Vol. 9 , 383 – 402 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Craik , FIM , Winocur , G , Palmer , H , Binns , MA , Edwards , M Bridges , K . 2007 . Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: Effects on memory . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 13 : 132 – 142 .
  • Crawford , JR , Stewart , LE and Moore , JW . 1989 . Demonstration of savings on the AVLT and development of a parallel form . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 11 : 975 – 981 .
  • Dahlin , E , Nyberg , L , Bäckman , L and Neely , AS . 2008 . Plasticity of executive functioning in young and older adults: Immediate training gains, transfer, and long-term maintenance . Psychology and Aging , 23 : 720 – 730 .
  • De Vreese , L , Neri , M , Fioravanti , M , Belloi , L and Zanetti , O . 2001 . Memory rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease: A review of progress . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 16 : 794 – 809 .
  • Delis , DC , Kramer , JH , Kaplan , E and Ober , BA . 1987 . California verbal learning test , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Derwinger , A , Neely , AS , MacDonald , S and Bäckman , L . 2005 . Forgetting numbers in old age: Strategy and learning speed matter . Gerontology , 51 : 277 – 284 .
  • Dunlap , WP , Cortina , JM , Vaslow , JB and Burke , MJ . 1996 . Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs . Psychological Methods , 1 : 170 – 177 .
  • Dunlosky , J , Cavallini , E , Roth , H , McGuire , CL , Vecchi , T and Hertzog , C . 2007 . Do self-monitoring interventions improve older adult learning? . The Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 62 : 70 – 76 .
  • Dunlosky , J , Kubat-Silman , A and Hertzog , C . 2003 . Training monitoring skills improves older adults’ self-paced associative learning . Psychology and Aging , 18 : 340 – 345 .
  • Ebbinghaus , H . 1895/1964 . Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology , New York : Dover .
  • Erickson , KI , Colcombe , SJ , Wadhwa , R , Bherer , L , Peterson , MS , Scalf , PE and Kramer , AF . 2007 . Training-induced plasticity in older adults: Effects of training on hemispheric asymmetry . Neurobiology of Aging , 28 : 272 – 283 .
  • Fabre , C , Chamari , K , Mucci , P , Massé-Biron , J and Préfaut , C . 2002 . Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 23 : 415 – 421 .
  • Floyd , M and Scogin , F . 1997 . Effects of memory training on the subjective memory functioning and mental health of older adults: A meta-analysis . Psychology and Aging , 12 : 150 – 161 .
  • Flynn , TM and Storandt , M . 1990 . Supplemental group discussions in memory training . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 178 – 181 .
  • Gobet , F , Lane , PCR , Croker , S , Cheng , PCH , Jones , G , Oliver , I and Pine , JM . 2001 . Chunking mechanisms in human learning . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 5 : 236 – 243 .
  • González-Gross , M , Marcos , A and Pietrzik , K . 2001 . Nutrition and cognitive impairment in the elderly . The British Journal of Nutrition , 86 : 313 – 321 .
  • Gordon , B and Berger , L . 2003 . Intelligent memory , New York : Penguin Books .
  • Grandmaison , E and Simard , M . 2003 . A critical review of memory stimulation programs in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 15 : 130 – 144 .
  • Gross , AL and Rebok , GW . 2011 . Memory training and strategy use in older adults: Results from the ACTIVE study . Psychology and Aging , 26 : 503 – 517 .
  • Hanley , IG and Lusty , K . 1984 . Memory aids in reality orientation: A single-case study . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 22 : 709 – 712 .
  • Hazlett , EA , Buchsbaum , MS , Mohs , RC , Spiegel-Cohen , J , Wei , TC , Azueta , R and Harvey , PD . 1998 . Age-related shift in brain region activity during successful memory performance . Neurobiology of Aging , 19 : 437 – 445 .
  • Hertzog , C , Kramer , AF , Wilson , RS and Lindenberger , U . 2008 . Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development: Can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? . Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 9 : 1 – 65 .
  • Heun , R , Burkart , M and Benkert , O . 1997 . Improvement of picture recall by repetition in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 12 : 85 – 92 .
  • Hildebrandt , H , Bussmann-Mork , B and Schwendemann , G . 2006 . Group therapy for memory impaired patients: A partial remediation is possible . Journal of Neurology , 253 : 512 – 519 .
  • Hill , RD , Allen , C and McWhorter , P . 1991 . Stories as a mnemonic aid for older learners . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 484 – 486 .
  • Hill , RD , Bäckman , L and Stigsdotter-Neely , A . 2000 . Cognitive rehabilitation in old age , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Hill , RD , Campbell , BW , Foxley , D and Lindsay , S . 1997 . Effectiveness of the number-consonant mnemonic for retention of numeric material in community-dwelling older adults . Experimental Aging Research , 23 : 275 – 286 .
  • Hill , RD , Storandt , M and Simeone , C . 1990 . The effects of memory skills training and incentives on free recall in older learners . Journal of Gerontology , 45 : 227 – 232 .
  • Howe , ML , Brainerd , CJ and Kingma , J . 1985 . Development of organization in recall: A stages-of-learning analysis . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 39 : 230 – 251 .
  • Hunt , EB and Love , T . 1972 . “ How good can memory be? ” . In Coding process in human memory , Edited by: Melton , A and Martin , E . 237 – 260 . Washington : V.H. Winston & Sons .
  • Kennedy , BA and Miller , DJ . 1976 . Persistent use of verbal rehearsal as a function of information about its value . Child Development , 47 : 566 – 569 .
  • Kliegl , R , Smith , J and Baltes , PB . 1989 . Testing the limits and the study of adult age differences in cognitive plasticity of a mnemonic skill . Developmental Psychology , 25 : 247 – 256 .
  • Kliegl , R , Smith , J and Baltes , PB . 1990 . On the locus and process of magnification of age differences during a mnemonic training . Developmental Psychology , 26 : 894 – 904 .
  • Lachman , ME , Weaver , SL , Bandura , M , Elliott , E and Lewkowicz , CJ . 1992 . Improving memory and control beliefs . Journal of Gerontology , 47 : 293 – 299 .
  • Lustig , C and Flegal , KE . 2008 . Targeting latent function: Encouraging effective encoding for successful memory training and transfer . Psychology and Aging , 23 : 754 – 764 .
  • Mahncke , HW , Bronstone , A and Merzenich , MM . 2006 . Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 103 : 12523 – 12528 .
  • Mandler , G . 1967 . “ Organization and memory ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Spence , KW and Spence , KT . 327 – 372 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Martin , M . 2011 . Clare, L., Altgassen, A.M., Cameron, M.H., & Zehnder, F. , Cognition-based interventions for healthy older people and people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD006220
  • McDaniel , MA , Einstein , GO and Jacoby , LJ . 2008 . “ New considerations in aging and memory ” . In The handbook of aging and cognition , 4th , Edited by: Craik , FIM and Salthouse , TA . 251 – 310 . London : Academic Press .
  • McDougall , GJ . 2004 . Memory self-efficacy and memory performance among Black and White elders . Nursing Research , 53 : 323 – 331 .
  • McDougall , GG . 2010 . Becker, H., Pituch, K., Vaughan, P., Acee, T., & Delville, C. , The SeniorWISE study: Improving everyday memory in older adults. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 291–306
  • McKitrick , LA , Camp , CJ and Black , FW . 1992 . Prospective memory intervention in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Gerontology , 47 : 337 – 343 .
  • McPherson , A , Furniss , FG , Sdogati , C , Cesaroni , F , Tartaglini , B and Lindes , A . 2001 . Effects of individualized memory aids on the conversation of persons with severe dementia: A pilot study . Aging & Mental Health , 5 : 289 – 294 .
  • Mitrushina , M , Boone , KB , Razani , J and D'Elia , LF . 2005 . Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Mohs , RC , Ashman , TA , Jantzen , K , Albert , M , Brandt , J , Gordon , B Stern , Y . 1998 . A study of the efficacy of a comprehensive memory enhancement program in healthy elderly persons . Psychiatry Research , 77 : 183 – 195 .
  • Morrell , RW , Rager , R , Harley , JP , Herrmann , DJ , Rebok , GW and Parente , R . 2006 . Developing an online intervention for memory improvement: The sharper memory project . Cognitive Technology , 11 : 34 – 46 .
  • Nolan , BA , Mathews , RM and Harrison , M . 2001 . Using external memory aids to increase room finding by older adults with dementia . American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias , 16 : 251 – 254 .
  • Nyberg , L , Sandblom , J , Jones , S , Neely , AS , Petersson , KM , Ingvar , M and Bäckman , L . 2003 . Neural correlates of training-related memory improvement in adulthood and aging . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 100 : 13728 – 13733 .
  • Ornstein , PA and Naus , MJ . 1978 . “ Rehearsal processes in children's memory ” . In Memory development in children , Edited by: Ornstein , PA . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Owen , AM , Hampshire , A , Grahn , JA , Stenton , R , Dajani , S , Burns , AS Ballard , CG . 2010 . Putting brain training to the test . Nature , 465 : 775 – 778 .
  • Poon , LW , Walsh–Sweeney , L and Fozard , J . 1980 . “ Memory skill training in the elderly: Salient issues on the use of mnemonics ” . In Proceedings of the George A. Talland memorial conference , Edited by: Poon , LW , Fozard , JL , Cermak , LS , Arenberg , D and Thompson , LW . 461 Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Rankin , JL , Karol , R and Tuten , C . 1984 . Strategy use, recall, and recall organization in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults . Experimental Aging Research , 10 : 193 – 196 .
  • Rapp , S , Brenes , G and Marsh , AP . 2002 . Memory enhancement training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A preliminary study . Aging & Mental Health , 6 : 5 – 11 .
  • Rasmusson , DX , Rebok , GW , Bylsma , FW and Brandt , J . 1999 . Effects of three types of memory training in normal elderly . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 6 : 56 – 66 .
  • Rebok , GW and Balcerak , LJ . 1989 . Memory self-efficacy and performance differences in young and old adults: Effect of mnemonic training . Developmental Psychology , 25 : 714 – 721 .
  • Rebok , GW , Carlson , MC and Langbaum , JBS . 2007 . Training and maintaining memory abilities in healthy older adults: Traditional and novel approaches . Journal of Gerontology , 62B : 53 – 61 .
  • Rebok , GW , Parisi , JM , Gross , AL , Ko , J , Spira , AP , Samus , QM Holtzman , RE . “ Evidence-based psychological treatments for improving memory function among older adults ” . In Making evidence-based psychological treatments work with older adults , Edited by: Scogin , F and Shah , A . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . in press
  • Rey , A . 1964 . L’examen clinique en psychologie , Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
  • Richardson , JT . 1998 . The availability and effectiveness of reported mediators in associative learning: A historical review and an experimental investigation . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 5 : 597 – 614 .
  • Rozzini , L , Costardi , D , Chilovi , BV , Franzoni , S , Trabucchi , M and Padovani , A . 2007 . Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive impairment treated with cholinesterase inhibitors . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 22 : 356 – 360 .
  • Salthouse , TA . 2010 . Influence of age on practice effects in longitudinal neurocognitive change . Neuropsychology , 24 : 563 – 572 .
  • Salthouse , TA and Tucker-Drob , EM . 2008 . Implications of short-term retest effects for the interpretation of longitudinal change . Neuropsychology , 22 : 800 – 811 .
  • Schmidt , IW , Berg , IJ and Deelman , BG . 2001 . Prospective memory training in older adults . Educational Gerontology , 27 : 455 – 478 .
  • Schneider , W . & Sodian, B. (1988). A longitudinal study of young children's memory behaviour and performance in a sort-recall task (Paper 5). Munich, Germany: Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Psychologische Forschung
  • Scogin , F and Prohaska , M . 1992 . The efficacy of self-taught memory training for community-dwelling older adults . Educational Gerontology , 18 : 751 – 766 .
  • Scogin , F , Prohaska , M and Weeks , E . 1998 . The comparative efficacy of self–taught and group memory training for older adults . Journal of Clinical Geropsychology , 4 : 301 – 314 .
  • Scogin , F , Storandt , M and Lott , L . 1985 . Memory-skills training, memory complaints, and depression in older adults . Journal of Gerontology , 40 : 562 – 568 .
  • Shapiro , DM and Harrison , DW . 1990 . Alternate forms of the AVLT: A procedure and test of form equivalency . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 5 : 405 – 410 .
  • Sharps , MJ and Price-Sharps , JL . 1996 . Visual memory support: An effective mnemonic device for older adults . The Gerontologist , 36 : 706 – 708 .
  • Singer , T , Lindenberger , U and Baltes , PB . 2003 . Plasticity of memory for new learning in very old age: A story of major loss? . Psychology and Aging , 18 : 306 – 317 .
  • Sitzer , DI , Twamley , EW and Jeste , DV . 2006 . Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis of the literature . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia , 114 : 75 – 90 .
  • Small , G . 2002 . The Memory Bible , New York : Hyperion .
  • Smith , GE , Housen , P , Yaffe , K , Ruff , R , Kennison , RF , Mahncke , HW and Zelinski , EM . 2009 . A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: Results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) study . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 57 : 594 – 603 .
  • StataCorp . 2010 . Stata statistical software: Release 11 , College Station , TX : StataCorp LP .
  • Stern , Y . 2002 . What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 : 448 – 460 .
  • Stigsdotter , A and Bäckman , L . 1989 . Multifactorial memory training with older adults . Gerontology , 35 : 260 – 267 .
  • Storandt , M . 1991 . Memory-skills training for older adults . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , 39 : 39 – 62 .
  • Studenski , S , Carlson , MC , Fillit , H , Greenough , WT , Kramer , A and Rebok , GW . 2006 . From bedside to bench: Does mental and physical activity promote cognitive vitality in late life? . Science of Aging Knowledge Environment , 10 : pe21
  • Tárraga , L , Boada , M , Modinos , G , Espinosa , A , Diego , S , Morera , A Becker , JT . 2006 . A randomised pilot study to assess the efficacy of an interactive, multimedia tool of cognitive stimulation in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 77 : 1116 – 1121 .
  • Taulbee , LR and Folsom , JC . 1966 . Reality orientation for geriatric patients . Hospital & Community Psychiatry , 17 : 133 – 135 .
  • Troyer , AK , Murphy , KJ , Anderson , ND , Moscovitch , M and Craik , FIM . 2008 . Changing everyday memory behaviour in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A randomised controlled trial . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 18 : 65 – 88 .
  • Verhaeghen , P and Marcoen , A . 1996 . On the mechanisms of plasticity in young and older adults after instruction in the method of loci: Evidence for an amplification model . Psychology and Aging , 11 : 164 – 178 .
  • Verhaeghen , P , Marcoen , A and Goossens , L . 1992 . Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: A meta-analytic study . Psychology and Aging , 7 : 242 – 251 .
  • Weisz , JR and Hawley , KM . 2001 . Procedural and coding manual for identification of evidence-based treatments , Los Angeles : University of California .
  • West , R . 1985 . Memory fitness over 40 , Gainesville , FL : Triad Publishing .
  • Willis , SL , Tennstedt , SL , Marsiske , M , Ball , K , Elias , J , Koepke , KM Wright , E . 2006 . Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults . Journal of the American Medical Association , 296 : 2805 – 2814 .
  • Wilson , B , Cockburn , J and Baddeley , A . 1985 . The Rivermead behavioural memory test , Bury St. Edmunds , , England : Thames Valley Test Company .
  • Wolters , G , Theunissen , I , Bemelmans , KJ , van der Does , AJW and Spinhoven , P . 1996 . Immediate and intermediate-term effectiveness of a memory training program for the elderly . Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation , 14 : 16 – 22 .
  • Woods , B , Thorgrimsen , L , Spector , A , Royan , L and Orrell , M . 2006 . Improved quality of life and cognitive stimulation therapy in dementia . Aging & Mental Health , 10 : 219 – 226 .
  • Woolverton , M , Scogin , F , Shackelford , J , Black , S and Duke , L . 2001 . Problem-targeted memory training for older adults . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 8 : 241 – 255 .
  • Worthen , JB and Hunt , RR . 2011 . Mnemonology: Mnemonics for the 21st century , Hove East Sussex : Psychology Press .
  • Yates , FA . 1966 . The art of memory , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Yesavage , JA . 1983 . Imagery pretraining and memory training . Gerontology , 29 : 271 – 275 .
  • Yesavage , JA . 1984 . Relaxation and memory training in 39 elderly patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 141 : 778 – 781 .
  • Yesavage , JA , Hoblyn , J , Friedman , L , Mumenthaler , M , Schnieder , B and O’Hara , R . 2007 . Should one use medications in combination with cognitive training? If so, which ones? . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 62 : 11 – 18 .
  • Yesavage , JA , Sheikh , JI , Friedman , L and Tanke , E . 1990 . Learning mnemonics: Roles of aging and subtle cognitive impairment . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 133 – 137 .
  • Yu , F , Rose , KM , Burgener , SC , Cunningham , C , Buettner , LL , Beattie , E McKenzie , SE . 2009 . Cognitive training for early-stage Alzheimer's disease and dementia . Journal of Gerontological Nursing , 35 : 23 – 29 .
  • Zanetti , O , Binetti , G , Magni , E , Rozzini , L , Bianchetti , A and Trabucchi , M . 1997 . Procedural memory stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: Impact of a training programme . Acta Neurologica Scandinavia , 95 : 152 – 157 .
  • Zarit , SH , Cole , KD and Guider , RL . 1981 . Memory training strategies and subjective complaints of memory in the aged . The Gerontologist , 21 : 158 – 164 .
  • Zehnder , F , Martin , M , Altgassen , M and Clare , L . 2009 . Memory training effects in old age as markers of plasticity: A meta-analysis . Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience , 27 : 507 – 520 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.