Mental health help-seeking attitudes, utilization, and intentions among older Chinese immigrants in Canada

References

• Atkinson, D.R., & Gim, R.H. (1989). Asian–American cultural identity and attitudes toward mental health services. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 209–212.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer, J.K., & Peay, M.Y. (1997). Predicting intentions to seek help from professional mental health services. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 504–513.
   Google Scholar
• Biegel, D.E., Farkas, K.J., & Song, L.-Y. (1997). Barriers to the use of mental health services by African–American and Hispanic elderly persons. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 29, 23–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blignault, I., Ponzio, V., Rong, Y., & Eisenbruch, M. (2008). A qualitative study of barriers to mental health services utilization among migrants from Mainland China in South-East Sydney. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54, 180–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H. (2007). Depressive symptom manifestation and help-seeking among Chinese college students in Taiwan. International Journal of Psychology, 42, 200–206.
   Google Scholar
• Chan-Yip, A., & Kirmayer, L.J. (1998). Health care utilization and child care practices among Chinese–Canadian women in a pediatric practice ( Report No. 7). Montreal: Culture & Mental Health Research Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Chau, S., & Lai, D.W.L. (2011). The size of an ethno-cultural community as a social determinant of health for Chinese seniors. Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 13, 1090–1098.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, N.G., & Gonzalez, J.M. (2005). Barriers and contributors to minority older adults’ access to mental health treatment: Perceptions of geriatric mental health clinicians. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 44, 115–135.
   Google Scholar
• Chou, K.-L. (2000). Assessing Chinese adolescents’ social support: The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Support. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 299–307.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, H.P.H. (2010). Growing old in Canada: Physical and psychological well-being among elderly Chinese immigrants. Ethnicity & Health, 15, 61–72.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, D. (2007). Methods in cultural psychology. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 196–236). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crabb, R., & Hunsley, J. (2006). Utilization of mental health care services among older adults with depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 299–312.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, K., & Wong, Y.-L.R. (2007). Factors influencing attitudes toward seeking professional help among East and Southeast Asian immigrant and refugee women. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53, 216–231.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, H., Judd, F., Komiti, A., Fraser, C., Murray, G., Robins, G., … Wearing, A. (2007). Mental health problems in rural contexts: What are the barriers to seeking help from professional providers? Australian Psychologist, 42, 147–160.
   Google Scholar
• Karlin, B.E., & Norris, M.P. (2005). Public mental health care utilization by older adults. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 730–736.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, B.S.K., & Omizo, M.M. (2003). Asian cultural values, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and willingness to see a counsellor. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 343–361.
   Google Scholar
• Kung, W. (2003). Chinese Americans’ help seeking for emotional distress. Social Service Review, 77, 110–134.
   Google Scholar
• Kung, W. (2004). Cultural and practical barriers to seeking mental health treatment for Chinese Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 27–43.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, D.W.L. (2000). Prevalence of depression among the elderly Chinese in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91, 64–66.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, D.W.L. (2001). Use of senior center services of the elderly Chinese immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 35, 59–79.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, D.W.L. (2003). Measuring depression of elderly Chinese Americans: A replication study. Home Health Care Services Quarterly, 22, 69–85.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, D.W.L., & Chau, S.B.Y. (2007). Predictors of health service barriers for older Chinese immigrants in Canada. Health and Social Work, 32, 57–65.
   Google Scholar
• Leong, F.T.K., & Lau, A.S.L. (2001). Barriers to providing effective mental health services to Asian Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3, 201–214.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H.Z., & Browne, A.J. (2000). Defining mental illness and accessing mental health services: Perspectives of Asian Canadians. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 19, 143–159.
   Google Scholar
• Li, P.-L., Logan, S., Yee, S., & Ng, S. (1999). Barriers to meeting the mental health needs of the Chinese community. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21, 74–80.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, H.-Y., Rounds, J., & Klein, A.G. (2005). A test of Cramer's (1999) help-seeking model and acculturation effects with Asian and Asian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2005, 400–411.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, T.-Y., & Lin, M.-C. (1981). Love, denial, and rejection: Responses of Chinese families to mental illness. In A. Kleinman & T.-Y. Lin (Eds.), Normal and abnormal behavior in Chinese culture (pp. 387–401). Boston, MA: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Loo, J.M.Y., Oei, T.P., & Raylu, N. (2011). Problem gambling, gambling correlates, and help-seeking attitudes in a Chinese sample: An empirical evaluation. Psychology, 2, 342–354.
   Google Scholar
• Loo, C., Tong, B., & True, R. (1989). A bitter bean: Mental health status and attitudes in Chinatown. Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 283–296.
   Google Scholar
• Loya, F., Reddy, R., & Hinshaw, S.P. (2010). Mental illness stigma as a mediator of differences in Caucasian and South Asian college students’ attitudes toward psychological counselling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 484–490.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C.S., Gekoski, W.L., & Knox, V.J. (2006). Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging & Mental Health, 10, 574–582.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C.S., Knox, V.J., Gekoski, W.L., & Macaulay, H.L. (2004). An adaptation and extension of the attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2410–2435.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C.S., Scott, T., Mather, A., & Sareen, J. (2008). Older adults’ help-seeking attitudes and treatment belief concerning mental health problems. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 1010–1019.
   Google Scholar
• Mo, P.K.H., Mak, W.W.S., & Kwan, C.S.Y. (2006). Cultural change and Chinese immigrants’ distress and help-seeking in Hong Kong. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 15, 129–151.
   Google Scholar
• Pang, E.C., Jordan-Marsh, M., Silverstein, M., & Cody, M. (2003). Health-seeking behaviors of elderly Chinese Americans: Shifts in expectations. The Gerontologist, 43, 864–874.
   Google Scholar
• Park, K.-H. (2011). Asian medicine and holistic aging. Pastoral Psychology, 60, 73–83.
   Google Scholar
• Ren, X.S., Anick, B., Zhou, L., & Gandek, B. (1998). Translation and psychometric evaluation of a Chinese version of the SF-36 Health Survey in the United States. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 1129–1138.
   Google Scholar
• Robb, C., Haley, W.E., Becker, M.A., Polivka, L.A., & Chwa, H.-J. (2003). Attitudes toward mental health care in younger and older adults: Similarities and differences. Aging & Mental Health, 7, 142–152.
   Google Scholar
• Sadavoy, J., Meier, R., & Ong, A.Y.M. (2004). Barriers to access to mental health services for ethnic seniors: The Toronto study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 192–199.
   Google Scholar
• Sareen, J., Cox, B.J., Afifi, T.O., Yu, B.N., & Stein, M.B. (2005). Mental health service use in a nationally representative Canadian survey. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 753–761.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, M., & Yeh, C.J. (2008). Asian American students’ cultural values, stigma, and relational self-construal: Correlates of attitudes toward professional help seeking. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30, 157–172.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, B.-J., & Takeuchi, D.T. (2001). A structural model of acculturation and mental health status among Chinese Americans. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 387–418.
   Google Scholar
• Soorkia, R., Snelgar, R., & Swami, V. (2011). Factors influencing attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among South Asian students in Britain. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14, 613–623.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, M.A., Beck, J.G., & Zebb, B.J. (1998). Psychometric properties of the MSPSS in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 2, 186–193.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2001). The Chinese community in Canada. Catalogue no. 89-621-XWE. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2002). General social survey cycle 16: Caring for an aging society. Catalogue no. 89-582-XIE2003001. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2005). Population projections of visible minority groups, Canada, provinces and regions, 2001-2017. Catalogue no. 91-541-XIE. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2006). A portrait of seniors in Canada. Catalogue no. 89-519-XIE. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2007). Portrait of the Canadian population in 2006, by age and sex, 2006 Census. Catalogue no. 97551XWE2006001. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Tata, S.P., & Leong, F.T.L. (1994). Individualism-collectivism, social-network orientation, and acculturation as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 280–287.
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari, S.K., & Wang, J. (2006). The epidemiology of mental and substance use-related disorders among White, Chinese, and other Asian populations in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 904–912.
   Google Scholar
• Unützer, J., Katon, W., Callahan, C.M., Williams, J.W., Hunekel, E., Harpole, L., … Oishi, S. (2003). Depression treatment in a sample of 1,801 depressed older adults in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 505–514.
   Google Scholar
• Veith, I. (1955). Psychiatric thought in Chinese medicine. Journal of the History of Medicine, X, 261–268.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, D.L., Wade, N.G., Wester, S.R., Larson, L., & Hackler, A.H. (2007). Seeking help from a mental health professional: The influence of one's social network. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 233–245.
   Google Scholar
• Ware, J.E. Jr., & Gandek, B. (1998). Overview of the SF-36 health survey and the international quality of life assessment (IQOLA) project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 903–912.
   Google Scholar
• Ware, J.E. Jr., Kosinski, M., Bjorner, J.B., Turner-Bowker, D.M., Gandek, B., & Maruish, M.E. (2008). SF-36v2 health survey: Administration guide for clinical trial investigators. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. (1997). Explanatory model interview catalogue (EMIC): Framework for comparative study of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34, 235–263.
   Google Scholar
• Witt, H, Poulin, J., Ingersol, T., & Deng, R. (2011). Older Chinese adults’ fear of intimacy with helping professionals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 26, 71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, R., & Pachana, N.A. (2009). Attitudes toward psychological treatment among older Australians. Australian Psychologist, 44, 86–93.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (August 24, 2007). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/
   Google Scholar
• Yang, L.H., Phelan, J.C., & Link, B.G. (2008). Stigma and beliefs of efficacy towards traditional Chinese medicine and western psychiatric treatment among Chinese Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 10–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ying, Y.-W., & Miller, L.S. (1992). Help-seeking behavior and attitude of Chinese Americans regarding psychological problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 549–556.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, J., Coons, S.J., Drugalis, J.R., Ren, X.S., & Hays, R.D. (2003). Equivalence of Chinese and US-English versions of the SF-36 health survey. Quality of Life Research, 12, 449–457.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, N., & Dixon, D.N. (2003). Acculturation and attitudes of Asian international students toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 31, 205–222.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, A., Snowden, L.R., & Sue, S. (1998). Differences between Asian and White Americans’ help seeking and utilization patterns in the Los Angeles area. Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 317–326.
   Google Scholar
• Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G., & Farley, G.K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.
   Google Scholar