Greater age-related decline in markers of physical, mental and cognitive health among Israeli older adults exposed to lifetime cumulative adversity

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Blazer, D., & Hybels, C. (2005). Origins of depression in later life. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1241–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M., Melamed, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2005). Emotional impact of exposure to terrorism among young-old and old-old Israeli citizens. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 705–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohlmeijer, E. T., Smit, F., & Cuijpers, P. (2003). Effects of reminiscence and life review on late-life depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 1088–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Kessler, R.C., Chilicoat, H.D., Schultz, L.R., Davis, G.C., & Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 626–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M.T. (2010). Early-life characteristics, psychiatric history, and cognition trajectories in later life. The Gerontologist, 50, 646–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comijs, H.C., ven den Kommer, T.N., Minnaar, R.W.M., Penninx, B.W.J.H., & Deeg, D.J.H. (2011). Accumulated and differential effects of life events on cognitive decline in older persons: Depending on depression, baseline cognition, or ApoEϵ4 status? The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66B, i111–i120.
   Google Scholar
• Elder, G.H., Shanahan, M.J., & Clipp, E.C. (1997). Linking combat and physical health: The legacy of World War II in men's lives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 330–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro, K.F., & Shippee, T.P. (2009). Aging and cumulative inequality: How does inequality get under the skin? The Gerontologist, 49, 333–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaesmer, H., Kaiser, M., Braehler, E., Freyberger, H.J., & Kuwert, P. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidity with depression and somatisation in the elderly – a German community-based study. Aging and Mental Health, 16, 403–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 260–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A.F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hyde, M., Wiggins, R.D., & Blane, D.B. (2003). A measure of quality of life in early old age: The theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging and Mental Health, 7, 186–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, S.C., Downs, T.D., Cash, H.R., & Grotz, R.C. (1970). Progress in development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist, 10, 20–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keinan, G., Shrira, A., & Shmotkin, D. (2012). The association between cumulative adversity and mental health: Considering dose and primary focus of adversity. Quality of Life Research, 21, 1149–1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R.C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 191–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R.C., & Magee, W.J. (1994). The disaggregation of vulnerability to depression as a function of the determinants of onset and recurrence. In W.R. Avison & I.H. Gotlib (Eds.), Stress and mental health: Contemporary issues and prospects for the future (pp. 239–258). New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Kimhi, S., Hantman, S., Goroshit, M., Eshel, Y., & Zysberg, L. (2012). Elderly people coping with the aftermath of war: Resilience versus vulnerability. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 391–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraaij, V., Arensman, E., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Negative life events and depression in elderly persons: A meta-analysis. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B, P87–P94.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, N., Shaw, B.A., & Cairney, J. (2004). A descriptive epidemiology of lifetime trauma and the physical health status of older adults. Psychology and Aging, 19, 637–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapp, L.K., Agbokou, C., & Ferreri, F. (2011). PTSD in the elderly: The interaction between trauma and aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 23, 858–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, M.P., & Brody, E.M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9, 179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J., Epel, E., & Blackburn, E. (2012). Telomeres and lifestyle factors: Roles in cellular aging. Mutation Research, 730, 85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin, H., & Sapir, E.V. (2008). Israel: Diversity among population groups. In A. Börsch-Supan, A. Brugiavini, H. Jürges, A. Kapteyn, J. Mackenbach, J. Siegrist, & G. Weber (Eds.), First results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (2004–2007): Starting the longitudinal dimension (pp. 93–98). Mannheim: Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, D.A., & Turner, R.J. (2003). Cumulative adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from a diverse community sample of young adults. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 381–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejewski, P.K., Prigerson, H.G., & Mazure, C.M. (2000). Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 373–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B.S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G.E., Chen, E., & Parker, K.J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 959–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, M.J., Reischies, F., Beekman, A.T.F., Fuhrer, R., Jonker, C., Kivela, S.-L., … Copeland, J.R. (1999). Development of the Euro-D scale – a European Union initiative to compare symptoms of depression in 14 European centres. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 330–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J.S., & Larson, C. (2010). Are traumatic events necessary to elicit symptoms of posttraumatic stress? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2, 71–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, M.H., & Ferraro, K.F. (2012). Childhood misfortune as a threat to successful aging: Avoiding disease. The Gerontologist, 52, 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seery, M.D., Holman, E.A., & Silver, R.C. (2010). Whatever does not kill us: Cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1025–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shmotkin, D., & Litwin, H. (2009). Cumulative adversity and depressive symptoms among older adults in Israel: The differential roles of self-oriented versus other-oriented events of potential trauma. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 989–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrira, A. (2012). The effect of lifetime cumulative adversity on change and chronicity in depressive symptoms and quality of life in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 1988–1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Ben-Ezra, M., Spalter, T., Kavé, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2011). For better and for worse: The relationship between future expectations and functioning in the second half of life. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 66B, 195–203.
   Google Scholar
• Sim, J., Bartlam, B., & Bernard, M. (2011). The CASP-19 as a measure of quality of life in old age: Evaluation of its use in a retirement community. Quality of Life Research, 20, 997–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z., Helvitz, H., & Zerach, G. (2009). Subjective age, PTSD and physical health among war veterans. Aging and Mental Health, 13, 405–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R.J., & Lloyd, D.A. (1995). Lifetime traumas and mental health: The significance of cumulative adversity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 360–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). (1997). International standard classification of education 1997. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012). Life stories and mental health: The role of identification processes in theory and interventions. Narrative Works: Issues, Investigations, and Interventions, 2, 106–128.
   Google Scholar