The reciprocal relationship between participation in leisure activities and cognitive functioning: the moderating effect of self-rated literacy level

References

• Aartsen, M.J., Smits, C.H., van Tilburg, T., Knipscheer, K.C., & Deeg, D.J. (2002). Activity in older adults cause or consequence of cognitive functioning? A longitudinal study on everyday activities and cognitive performance in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57, P153–P162. doi:10.1093/geronb/57.2.P153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielak, A.A., Hughes, T.F., Small, B.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2007). It's never too late to engage in lifestyle activities: Significant concurrent but not change relationships between lifestyle activities and cognitive speed. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, P331–P339. doi:10.1093/geronb/62.6.P331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, S.C., Sur, M., Dobkin, B.H., O'Brien, C., Sanger, T.D., Trojanowski, J.Q., … Vinogradov, S. (2011). Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications. Brain, 134, 1591–1609. doi:10.1093/brain/awr039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerin, E., & Leslie, E. (2008). How socio-economic status contributes to participation in leisure-time physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 2596–2609. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dotson, V.M., Kitner-Triolo, M.H., Evans, M.K., & Zonderman, A.B. (2009). Effects of race and socioeconomic status on the relative influence of education and literacy on cognitive functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 580–589. doi:10.1017/S1355617709090821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, K.I., Voss, M.W., Prakash, R.S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., … Kramer, A.F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 3017–3022. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Mayoralas, G., Rojo-Pérez, F., Martínez-Martín, P., Prieto-Flores, M.E., Rodríguez-Blázquez, C., Martín-García, S., … Forjaz, M.J. (2015). Active ageing and quality of life: Factors associated with participation in leisure activities among institutionalized older adults, with and without dementia. Aging and Mental Health, 19, 1031–1041. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.996734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultsch, D.F., Small, B.J., Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (1999). Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? Psychology and Aging, 14, 245–263. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihle, A., Oris, M., Fagot, D., Baeriswyl, M., Guichard, E., & Kliegel, M. (2015). The association of leisure activities in middle adulthood with cognitive performance in old age: The moderating role of educational level. Gerontology, 61, 543–550. doi:10.1159/000381311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp, A., Paillard-Borg, S., Wang, H-X., Silverstein, M., Winblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2006). Mental, physical and social components in leisure activities equally contribute to decrease dementia risk. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 65–73. doi:10.1159/000089919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavé, G., Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Spalter, T., Ben-Ezra, M., & Shmotkin, D. (2012). Formal education level versus self-rated literacy as predictors of cognitive aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 697–704. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E.Y., & Kim, K.W. (2014). A theoretical framework for cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults: Stimulation versus compensation. Aging and Mental Health, 18, 304–315. doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.868404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachman, M.E., Agrigoroaei, S., Murphy, C., & Tun, P.A. (2010). Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 4–10. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ab8b62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., & Chi, I. (2015). Do cognitive leisure activities really matter in the relationship between education and cognition? Evidence from the aging, demographics, and memory study (ADAMS). Aging and Mental Health. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1011081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin, H., & Sapir, E.V. (2008). Israel: Diversity among population groups. In A. Börsch-Supan, et al. (Eds.), First results from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (2004–2007): Starting the longitudinal dimension (pp. 93–98). Mannheim: Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging.
   Google Scholar
• Mahncke, H.W., Connor, B.B., Appelman, J., Ahsanuddin, O.N., Hardy, J.L., Wood, R.A., … Merzenich, M.M. (2006). Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 12523–12528. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605194103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, J.J., Jacobs, D.M., Sano, M., Bell, K., Merchant, C.A., Small, S.A., & Stern, Y. (1999). Effect of literacy on neuropsychological test performance in nondemented, educationally matched elders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 191–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, J.J., Schupf, N., Tang, M.X., & Stern, Y. (2005). Cognitive decline and literacy among ethnically diverse elders. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18, 213–217. doi:10.1177/0891988705281868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquinea, M.J., Segawaa, E., Wilson, R.S., Bennett, D., & Barnes, L.L. (2012). Association between cognitive activity and cognitive function in older Hispanics. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 1041–1051. doi:10.1017/S135561771200080X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagi, S.Z. (1976). An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 54, 439–467. doi:10.2307/3349677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimrod, G., & Shrira, A. (2016). The paradox of leisure in later life. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71, 106–111. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, M., Acosta, D., Chiu, H., Scazufca, M., & Varghese, M. (2003). Dementia diagnosis in developing countries: A cross-cultural validation study. Lancet, 361, 909–917. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12772-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, M.J., Reischies, F., Beekman, A.T.F., Fuhrer, R., Jonker, C., Kivela, S.-L., … Copeland, J.R. (1999). Development of the Euro-D scale – a European Union initiative to compare symptoms of depression in 14 European centres. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 330–338. doi:10.1192/bjp.174.4.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse, T.A. (2006). Mental exercise and mental aging: Evaluating the validity of the ‘use it or lose it’ hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 68–87. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00005.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, S., & Schumacher, V. (2011). The interplay between cognitive and motor functioning in healthy older adults: Findings from dual-task studies and suggestions for intervention. Gerontology, 57, 239–246. doi:10.1159/000322197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisco, S., Gross, A.L., Shih, R.A., Sachs, B.C., Glymour, M.M., Bangen, K.J., … Manly, J.J. (2013). The role of early-life educational quality and literacy in explaining racial disparities in cognition in late life. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70, 557–567. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, B.J., Hughes, T.F., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2007). Lifestyle activities and late-life changes in cognitive performance. In Y. Stern (Eds.), Cognitive reserve: Theory and applications (pp. 173–186). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Soubelet, A. (2011). Engaging in cultural activities compensates for educational differences in cognitive abilities. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 18, 516–526. doi:10.1080/13825585.2011.598913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, Y., Habeck, C., Moeller, J., Scarmeas, N., Anderson, K.E., Hilton, J., … Heertum, R.V. (2005). Brain networks associated with cognitive reserve in healthy young and old adults. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 394–402. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (1997). International standard classification of education. Geneva: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H.-X., Jin, Y., Hendrie, H.C., Liang, C., Yang, L., Cheng, Y., … Gao, S. (2013). Late life leisure activities and risk of cognitive decline. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68, 205–213. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014). Psychological research on retirement. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209–233. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehurst, G.J., & Lonigan, C.J. (1998). Child development and emergent literacy. Child Development, 69, 848–872. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06247.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R.S., Barnes, L.L., Krueger, K.R., Hoganson, G., Bienias, J.L., & Bennett, D.A. (2005). Early and late life cognitive activity and cognitive systems in old age. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 400–407. doi:10.1017/S1355617705050459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R.S., & Bennett, D.A. (2003). Cognitive activity and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 87–91. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R.S., Mendes De Leon, C.F., Barnes, L., Schneider, J.A., Bienias, J.L., Evans, D.A., & Bennett, D.A. (2002). Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA, 287, 742–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar