A qualitative comparison of DSM depression criteria to language used by older church-going African-AmericansFootnote^*

* Name of institution where research was conducted: University of Michigan.

References

• Adebimpe, V. R., Hedlund, J. L., Cho, D. W., & Wood, J. B. (1982). Symptomatology of depression in black and white patients. Journal of the National Medical Association, 74(2), 185–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akincigil, A., Olfson, M., Siegel, M., Zurlo, K. A., Walkup, J. T., & Crystal, S. (2012). Racial and ethnic disparities in depression care in community-dwelling elderly in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 319–328. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegría, M., Nakash, O., Lapatin, S., Oddo, V., Gao, S., Lin, J., & Normand, S. L. (2008). How missing information in diagnosis can lead to disparities in the clinical encounter. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 14, S26–S35. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1097/01.PHH.0000338384.82436.0d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Aranda, M. P., Chae, D. H., Lincoln, K. D., Taylor, R. J., Woodward, A. T., & Chatters, L. M. (2012). Demographic correlates of DSM-IV major depressive disorder among older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-hispanic whites: Results from the national survey of American life. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(9), 940–947. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, F. (2001). Diagnosing depression in African Americans. Community Mental Health Journal, 37(1), 31–38. doi:10.1023/A:1026540321366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazer, D. G., Landerman, L. R., Hays, J. C., Simonsick, E. M., & Saunders, W. B. (1998). Symptoms of depression among community-dwelling elderly African-American and white older adults. Psychological Medicine, 28(6), 1311–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C., Schulberg, H. C., & Madonia, M. J. (1996). Clinical presentations of major depression by African Americans and whites in primary medical care practice. Journal of Affective Disorders, 41(3), 181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatters, L. M., Bullard, K. M., Taylor, R. J., Woodward, A. T., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). Religious participation and DSM-IV disorders among older African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(12), 957–965. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181898081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., Lincoln, K. D., Nguyen, A., & Joe, S. (2011). Church-based social support and suicidality among African Americans and black Caribbeans. Archives of Suicide Research, 15(4), 337–353. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2011.615703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., Woodward, A. T., & Nicklett, E. J. (2015). Social support from church and family members and depressive symptoms among older African Americans. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(6), 559–567. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P. R., Cox, C., Herman, J. H., Forbes, N. T., & Caine, E. D. (1996). Relationships of age and axis I diagnoses in victims of completed suicide: A psychological autopsy study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(8), 1001–1008. doi: 10.1176/ajp.153.8.1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, S. M., Neff, J. A., & Husaini, B. A. (2003). Functional impairment as a predictor of depressive symptomatology: The role of race, religiosity, and social support. Health & Social Work, 28(1), 23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop, D. D., Song, J., Lyons, J. S., Manheim, L. M., & Chang, R. W. (2003). Racial/ethnic differences in rates of depression among preretirement adults. American Journal of Public Health, 93(11), 1945–1952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, B. C., Bullard, K. M., Taylor, R. J., Toler, A. K., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition disorders among older African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(8), 652–659. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3180437d9e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, A. (1997). Focus groups. Social Research Update, 19, Winter, Department of Sociology, University of Surrey.
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher, S. S., Burley, J. T., & Lee-Ouga, W. I. (2008). HIV prevention programs in the black church: A viable health promotion resource for African American women ? Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 17, 309–324. doi:10.1080/10911350802067898
   Google Scholar
• Hegeman, J. M., Kok, R. M., Van Der Mast, R. C., & Giltay, E. J. (2012). Phenomenology of depression in older compared with younger adults: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 275–281. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.095950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, M., Köhler, B., Leichsenring, F., & Kruse, J. (2013). Depression as a risk factor for mortality in individuals with diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e79809. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez, D. E., Alegría, M., Chen, C., Chan, D., & Laderman, M. (2010). Prevalence of psychiatric illnesses in older ethnic minority adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(2), 256–264. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02685.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. E., & Gray, B. A. (1986). Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among blacks. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37(1), 61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kales, H. C., Blow, F. C., Bingham, C. R., Copeland, L. A., & Mellow, A. M. (2000). Race and inpatient psychiatric diagnoses among elderly veterans. Psychiatric Services, 51(6), 795–800. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.51.6.795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales, H. C., Neighbors, H. W., Blow, F. C., Taylor, K. K., Gillon, L., Welsh, D. E., … Mellow, A. M. (2005). Race, gender, and psychiatrists' diagnosis and treatment of major depression among elderly patients. Psychiatric Services, 56(6), 721–728. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.6.721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales, H. C., Neighbors, H. W., Valenstein, M., Blow, F. C., McCarthy, J. F., Ignacio, R. V., … Mellow, A. M. (2005). Effect of race and sex on primary care physicians' diagnosis and treatment of late-life depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(5), 777–784. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53255.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramish Campbell, M. K., James, A., Hudson, M. A., Carr, C., Jackson, E., Oakes, V., … Tessaro, I. (2004). Improving multiple behaviors for colorectal cancer prevention among African American church members. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 23(5), 492–502. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech, N. L., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2008). Qualitative data analysis: A compendium of techniques and a framework for selection for school psychology research and beyond. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 587–604. doi: 10.1037/1045-3830.23.4.587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, C. E., & Mamiya, L. H. (1990). The black church in the African American experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raskin, A., Crood, T. H., & Herma, K. D. (1975). Psychiatric history and symptom differences in black and white depressed inpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 73–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese, A. M., Thorpe, R. J., Bell, C. N., Bowie, J. V., & LaVeist, T. A. (2012). The effect of religious service attendance on race differences in depression: Findings from the EHDIC-SWB study. Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 89(3), 510–518. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9659-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schorling, J. B., Roach, J., Siegel, M., Baturka, N., Hunt, D. E., Guterbock, T. M., & Stewart, H. L. (1997). A trial of church-based smoking cessation interventions for Rural African Americans. Preventive Medicine, 26(1), 92–101. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1996.9988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulberg, H. C., Mulsant, B., Schulz, R., Rollman, B. L., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (1998). Characteristics and course of major depression in older primary care patients. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 28(4), 421–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahler, G. J., Kirby, K. C., & Kerwin, M. E. (2007). A faith-based intervention for cocaine-dependent black women. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39(2), 183–190. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2007.10399877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffens, D., Skoog, I., Norton, M., Hart, A. D., Tschanz, J. T., Plassman, B. L., … Breitner, J. C. (2000). Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 601–607. doi: 10.1001/pubs.Arch Gen Psychiatry-ISSN-0003-990x-57-6-yoa9308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski, S. M., Hawkins, J. M., Keck, P. E. Jr., McElroy, S. L., West, S. A., Bourne, M. L., … Tugrul, K. C. (1997). The effects of race and information variance on disagreement between psychiatric emergency service and research diagnoses in first-episode psychosis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(10), 457–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., & Abelson, J. M. (2012). Religious involvement and DSM IV 12-month and lifetime major depressive disorder among African Americans. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(10), 856–862. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31826b6d65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulin, P. R., Robinson, E. T., & Tolley, E. E. (2005). Qualitative methods in public health: A field guide for applied research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Untzer, J., Patrick, D. L., Diehr, P., Simon, G., Grembowski, D., & Katon, W. (2000). Quality adjusted life years in older adults with depressive symptoms and chronic medical disorders. International Psychogeriatrics, 12(1), 15–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, D. C. (2012). Qualitative research: The importance of conducting research that doesn't ‘count’. Health Promotion Practice, 13(2), 153–158. doi: 10.1177/1524839912437370
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins, D. C., & Gioia, D. (2015). Mixed methods research. Pocket guides to social work research methods series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199747450.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, D. C., Wharton, T., Mitchell, J. A., Matusko, N., & Kales, H. (2015). Perceptions and receptivity of non-spousal family support: A mixed methods study of psychological distress among older, church-going African American Men. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/1558689815622707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman, M., Leaf, P., Tischler, G., Blazer, D. G., Karno, M., Bruce, M. L., & Florio, L. P. (1988). Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychological Medicine, 18, 141–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., González, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites: Results from the national survey of American life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(3), 305–315. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, A. T., Taylor, R. J., Abelson, J. M., & Matusko, N. (2013). Major depressive disorder among older African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites: Secondary analysis of the national survey of American life. Depression and Anxiety, 30(6), 589–597. doi:10.1002/da.22041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar