Spatial reorientation decline in aging: the combination of geometry and landmarks

References

• Aguirre, G. K., & D' Esposito, M. (1999). Topographical disorientation: A synthesis and taxonomy. Brain, 122, 1613–1628. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10468502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avanzi, S., Postrearo, L., Gugliotta, M., Lombardi, F., Cavatorta, S., & Mazzucchi, A. (1997). Aspetti quantitativi e qualitativi della fluenza verbale: I. Nei soggetti normali. Archivio di Psicologia Neurologia e Psichiatria, 58, 85–108.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchini, F., Incoccia, C., Palermo, L., Piccardi, L., Zompanti, L., Sabatini, U., & Guariglia, C. (2010). Developmental topographical disorientation in a healthy subject. Neuropsychologia, 48(6), 1563–1573. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosco, A., Picucci, L., Caffò A., O., Lancioni, G. E., & Gyselinck, V. (2008). Assessing human reorientation ability inside virtual reality environments: The effects of retention interval and landmark characteristics. Cognitive Processing, 9(4), 299–309. doi:10.1007/s10339-008-0210-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosco, A., Picucci, L., Caffò, A. O., & Lancioni, G. E. (2010). Current debate on human spatial reorientation: How geometric and non-geometric cues interact. In J. Valentin & L. Gamez (Eds.), Environmental Psychology: New Developments (pp. 91–107). New York: NY: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Brink, T. L., Yesavage, J. A., & Lum, O. (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist, 1(1), 37–43. doi:10.1300/J018v01n01_06
   Google Scholar
• Caduff, D., & Timpf, S. (2008). On the assessment of landmark salience for human navigation. Cognitive Processing, 9(4), 249–267. doi:10.1007/s10339-007-0199-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffò, A. O., De Caro, M. F., Picucci, L., Notarnicola, A., Settanni, A., Livrea, P., … Bosco, A. (2012). Reorientation deficits are associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 27, 321–330. doi:10.1177/1533317512452035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffò, A. O., Hoogeveen, F., Groenendaal, M., Perilli, A. V., Picucci, L., Lancioni, G. E., & Bosco, A. (2014). Intervention strategies for spatial orientation disorders in dementia: A selective review. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 17(3), 200–209. doi:10.3109/17518423.2012.749951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffò, A. O., Hoogeveen, F., Groenendaal, M., Perilli, V. A., Damen, M., Stasolla, F., & Bosco, A. (2014). Comparing two different orientation strategies for promoting indoor traveling in people with Alzheimer's disease. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(2), 572–580. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffò, A. O., Lopez, A., Spano, G., Saracino, G., Stasolla, F., Ciriello, G., … Bosco, A. (2016). The role of pre-morbid intelligence and cognitive reserve in predicting cognitive efficiency in a sample of Italian elderly. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(6), 1203–1210. doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0580-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffò, A. O., Picucci, L., Masi Di, M. N., & Bosco, A. (2011). Working memory components and virtual reorientation: A dual-task study. In E. S. Levin (Ed.), Working memory: Capacity, developments and improvement techniques (pp. 249–266). New York, NY: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Carlesimo, G. A., Buccione, I., Fadda, L., Graceffa, A., Mauri, M., Lorusso, S., & Caltagirone, C. (2002). Normative data of two memory tasks: Short-story recall and Rey' s figure [Standardizzazione di due test di memoria per uso clinico: Breve Racconto e Figura di Rey]. Nuova Rivista Di Neurologia, 12(1), 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, K., & Newcombe, N. S. (2005). Is there a geometric module for spatial orientation? Squaring theory and evidence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 1–23. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15945200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, K., Huttenlocher, J., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). 25 years of research on the use of geometry in spatial reorientation: A current theoretical perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 20(6), 1033–1054. doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0416-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman, L. A., Stein, K., & Duffy, C. J. (2008). Detecting navigational deficits in cognitive aging and Alzheimer disease using virtual reality. Neurology, 71(12), 888–895. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000326262.67613.fe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doeller, C. F., King, J. A., & Burgess, N. (2008). Parallel striatal and hippocampal systems for landmarks and boundaries in spatial memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(15), 5915–5920. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801489105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigenbaum, J. D., & Morris, R. G. (2004). Allocentric versus egocentric spatial memory after unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 462–472. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, K. T., Cashdan, E. A., Stefanucci, J. K., & Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2016). Sex differences in exploration behavior and the relationship to harm avoidance. Human Nature, 27(1), 82–97. doi:10.1007/s12110-015-9248-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Betances, R. I., Jiménez-Mixco, V., Arredondo, M. T., & Cabrera-Umpiérrez, M. F. (2015). Using virtual reality for cognitive training of the elderly. American Journal Alzheimer Disease Other Dementia, 30(1), 49–54. doi:10.1177/1533317514545866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovagnoli, A. R., Del Pesce, M., Mascheroni, S., Simoncelli, M., Laiacona, M., & Capitani, E. (1996). Trail making test: Normative values from 287 normal adult controls. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 17(4), 305–309. doi:10.1007/BF01997792
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gouteux, S., & Spelke, E. S. (2001). Children's use of geometry and landmarks to reorient in an open space. Cognition, 81(2), 119–148. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11376639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harel, B. T., Darby, D., Pietrzak, R. H., Ellis, K. A., Snyder, P. J., & Maruff, P. (2011). Examining the nature of impairment in visual paired associate learning in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 25(6), 752–762. doi:10.1037/a0024237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley, T., Trinkler, I., & Burgess, N. (2004). Geometric determinants of human spatial memory. Cognition, 94(1), 39–75. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, A., McGregor, A., Good, M. A., & Pearce, J. M. (2003). Absence of overshadowing and blocking between landmarks and geometric cues provided by the shape of a test arena. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56B, 114–126. doi:10.3758/s13420-011-0032-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hort, J., Laczó, J., Vyhnálek, M., Bojar, M., Bureš, J., & Vlček, K. (2007). Spatial navigation deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(10), 4042–4047. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611314104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., & Danziger, W. L. (1982). A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140(6), 566–572. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7104545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iachini, I., Iavarone, A., Senese, V. P., Ruotolo, F., & Ruggiero, G. (2009). Visuospatial memory in healthy elderly, AD and MCI: A review. Current Aging Science, 2, 43–59. Retrieved fromwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20021398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iaria, G., Petrides, M., Dagher, A., Pike, B., & Bohbot, V. D. (2003). Cognitive strategies dependent on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus in human navigation: Variability and change with practice. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(13), 5945–5952. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incoccia, C., Magnotti, L., Iaria, G., Piccardi, L., & Guariglia, C. (2009). Topographical disorientation in a patient who never developed navigational skills: The (re)habilitation treatment. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(2), 291–314. doi:10.1080/09602010802188344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalova, E., Vlcek, K., Jarolimova, E., & Bures, J. (2005). Allothetic orientation and sequential ordering of places is impaired in early stages of Alzheimer's disease: Corresponding results in real space tests and computer tests. Behavioural Brain Research, 159(2), 175–186. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, S. (1983). Assessing self-maintenance: Activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 31(12), 721–727. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1983.tb03391.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. M., & Spetch, M. L. (2012). Comparative spatial cognition encoding of geometric information from surfaces and landmark arrays. In E. A. Wasserman & T. R. Zentall (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of comparative cognition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195392661.013.0020
   Google Scholar
• Klekociuk, S. Z., & Summers, M. J. (2014). Exploring the validity of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes: Multiple-domain amnestic MCI is the only identifiable subtype at longitudinal follow-up. Journal Clinic Experimental Neuropsychology, 36, 290–301. doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.890699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klencklen, G., Després, O., & Dufour, A. (2012). What do we know about aging and spatial cognition? Reviews and perspectives. Ageing Research Reviews, 11(1), 123–135. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2011.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laczo, J., Vlcek, K., Vyhnalek, M., Vajnerova, O., Ort, M., Holmerova, I., & Hort, J. (2009). Spatial navigation testing discriminates two types of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Behavioural Brain Research, 202 ( 2), 252–259. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancioni, G. E., Perilli, V., O'Reilly, M. F., Singh, N. N., Sigafoos, J., Bosco, A., & Groeneweg, J. (2013). Technology-based orientation programs to support indoor travel by persons with moderate Alzheimer's disease: Impact assessment and social validation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 286–293. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancioni, G. E., Singh, N. N., O'Reilly, M. F., Sigafoos, J., Renna, C., Pinto, K., & Stasolla, F. (2014). Persons with moderate Alzheimer's disease use simple technology aids to manage daily activities and leisure occupation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(9), 2117–2128. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9(3), 179–186. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5349366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Learmonth, A. E., Newcombe, N. S., Sheridan, N., & Jones, M. (2008). Why size counts: Children's spatial reorientation in large and small enclosures. Developmental Science, 11 ( 3), 414–426. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithfous, S., Dufour, A., & Després, O. (2013). Spatial navigation in normal aging and the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(1), 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S. A., & Skelton, R. W. (2007). Virtual environment navigation tasks and the assessment of cognitive deficits in individuals with brain injury. Behavioural Brain Research, 185(1), 21–31. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, S., Després, C., & Ramadier, T. (2011). When mobility makes sense: A qualitative and longitudinal study of the daily mobility of the elderly. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 52–61. doi:10.1037/pag0000064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magni, E., Binetti, G., Bianchetti, A., Rozzini, R., & Trabucchi, M. (1996). Mini-mental state examination: A normative study in Italian elderly population. European Journal of Neurology, 3(3), 198–202. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.1996.tb00423.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchette, S. A., Vass, L. K., Ryan, J., & Epstein, R. A. (2014). Anchoring the neural compass: Coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe. Nature neuroscience, 17(11), 1598–1606. doi:10.1038/nn.3834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., … Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association workgroup. Alzheimer's Dementia, 7, 263–269. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcshane, R., Gedling, K., Keene, J., Fairburn, C., Jacoby, R., & Hope, T. (1998). Getting lost in dementia: A longitudinal study of a behavioral symptom. International Psychogeriatrics, 10(3), 253–260. doi:10.1017/S1041610298005365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meng, F., & Zhang, W. (2012). A review of wayfinding and a new virtual reality system for wayfinding studies. International Journal of Services Operations and Informatics, 7(2), 197–211. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24732522
   Google Scholar
• Mokrisova, I., Laczo, J., Andel, R., Gazova, I., Vyhnalek, M., Nedelska, Z., … Hort, J. (2016). Real-space path integration is impaired in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Behavioural Brain Research, 307, 150–158. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondini, S., Mapelli, D., Vestri, A., & Bisiacchi, P. S. (2003). Esame neuropsicologico Breve. Una batteria di test per lo screening neuropsicologico. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, J. C. (1993). The clinical dementia rating (cdr): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43(11), 2412–2414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münzer, S., Fehringer, B. C., & Kühl, T. (2016). Validation of a 3-factor structure of spatial strategies and relations to possession and usage of navigational aids, Journal. Environmental Psychology, 47, 66–78. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O'Malley, M., Innes, A., & Wiener, J. M. (2017). Decreasing spatial disorientation in care-home settings: How psychology can guide the development of dementia friendly design guidelines. Dementia, 16(3) 315–328. doi:10.1177/1471301215591334
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orsini, A., Grossi, D., Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., Papagno, C., & Vallar, G. (1987). Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: Normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children. The Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 8(6), 537–548. doi:10.1007/BF02333660
   Google Scholar
• Pai, M. C., & Jacobs, W. J. (2004). Topographical disorientation in community-residing patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 250–255. doi:10.1002/gps.1081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai, M. C., & Lee, C. C. (2016). The incidence and recurrence of getting lost in community-dwelling people with Alzheimer's disease: A two and a half-year follow-up. PLoS One, 11(5), e0155480. doi: 10.1371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai, M. C., Lee, C. C., Yang, Y. C., Lee, Y. T., Chen, K. C., Lin, S. H., & Cheng, P. J. (2012). Development of a questionnaire on everyday navigational ability to assess topographical disorientation in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 27(1), 65–72. doi:10.1177/1533317512436805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmiero, M., Nori, R., Rogolino, C., D'amico, S., & Piccardi, L. (2016). Sex differences in visuospatial and navigational working memory: The role of mood induced by background music. Experimental Brain Research, 234(8), 2381–2389. doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4643-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perilli, V., Lancioni, G. E., Hoogeveen, F., Caffó, A., Singh, N., O'Reilly, M., & Oliva, D. (2013). Video prompting versus other instruction strategies for persons with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 28(4), 393–402. doi:10.1177/1533317513488913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perilli, V., Lancioni, G. E., Laporta, D., Paparella, A., Caffò, A. O., Singh, N. N., & Oliva, D. (2013). A computer-aided telephone system to enable five persons with Alzheimer's disease to make phone calls independently. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(6), 1991–1997. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C. (2011). Mild cognitive impairment. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(23), 2227–2234. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0910237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picucci, L., & Bosco, A. (2006). Two cues are not better than one. The integration of geometric and featural information in the reorientation paradigm. Cognitive Processing, 7, 82–85. doi:10.1007/s10339-006-0078-2
   Google Scholar
• Picucci, L., Bosco, A., Caffò, A. O., D'Angelo, G., Soleti, E., Lancioni, G. E., & Di Masi, M. N. (2010). A new methodology to assess individual differences in spatial memory: The computer-generated version of the reorientation paradigm. In G. Salvati & V. Rabuano (Eds.), Cognitive psychology perspective (pp. 159–196). New York, NY: Nova.
   Google Scholar
• Picucci, L., Caffò, A. O., & Bosco, A. (2009). Age and sex differences in a virtual version of the reorientation task. Cognitive Processing, 10(2), 272–275. doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0321-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picucci, L., Caffò, A., & Bosco, A. (2011). Besides navigation accuracy: Gender differences in strategy selection and level of spatial confidence. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(4), 430–438. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portet, F., Ousset, P. J., Visser, P. J., Frisoni, G. P., Nobili, F., Scheltens, P., … Touchon, J. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in medical practice: A critical review of the concept and new diagnostic procedure. Report of the MCI Working Group of the European Consortium on Alzheimer's disease. Journal Neurological Neurosurgery Psychiatry, 77, 714–718. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.085332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencher, V., Bier, N., Audet, T., & Gagnon, L. (2008). Errorless-based techniques can improve route finding in early Alzheimer's disease: A case study. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 23, 47–56. doi:10.1177/1533317507307228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratliff, K. R., & Newcombe, N. S. (2008). Reorienting when cues conflict: Evidence for an adaptive-combination view. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1301–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz, N., Rodrigue, K. M., Head, D., Kennedy, K. M., & Acker, J. D. (2004). Differential aging of the medial temporal lobe: A study of a five-year change. Neurology, 62, 433–438. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000106466.09835.46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz, N., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D., Gunning-Dixon, F., & Acker, J. D. (2003). Differential aging of the human striatum: Longitudinal evidence. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24(9), 1849–1856. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero, G., D'Errico, O., & Iachini, T. (2016). Development of egocentric and allocentric spatial representations from childhood to elderly age. Psychological Research, 80(2), 259–272. doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0658-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusconi, M. L., Suardi, A., Zanetti, M., & Rozzini, L. (2015). Spatial navigation in elderly healthy subjects, amnestic and non-amnestic MCI patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 359(1–2), 430–437. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, N. L. J., & Summers, M. J. (2011). Longitudinal deficits to attention, executive, and working memory in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 25(2), 237–248. doi:10.1037/a0021134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Save, E., & Poucet, B. (2000). Involvement of the hippocampus and associative parietal cortex in the use of proximal and distal landmarks for navigation. Behavioural Brain Research, 109(2), 195–206. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10762689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serino, S., & Riva, G. (2015). How different spatial representations interact in virtual environments: The role of mental frame syncing. Cognitive Processing, 16 ( 2), 191–201. doi:10.1007/s10339-015-0646-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serino, S., Morganti, F., Di Stefano, F., & Riva, G. (2015). Detecting early egocentric and allocentric impairments deficits in Alzheimer's disease: An experimental study with virtual reality. Frontiers Aging Neuroscience, 7, 88. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitzer, D. I., Twamley, E. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2006). Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(2), 75–90. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00789.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinnler, H., & Tognoni, G. (1987). Italian standardization and classification of neuropsychological tests. The Italian group on the neuropsychological study of aging. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 8, 1–120. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3330072
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutton, J. E., Joanisse, M. F., & Newcombe, N. S. (2010). Spinning in the scanner: Neural correlates of virtual reorientation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 36(5), 1097–1107. doi:10.1037/a0019938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, J. E., Twyman, A. D., Joanisse, M. F., & Newcombe, N. S. (2012). Geometry three ways: An fMRI investigation of geometric information processing during reorientation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 38(6), 1530–1541. doi:10.1037/a0028456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vashro, L., & Cashdan, E. (2015). Spatial cognition, mobility, and reproductive success in northwestern Namibia. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(2), 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viamonte, S., Vance, D., Wadley, V., Roenker, D., & Ball, K. (2010). Driving-related cognitive performance in older adults with pharmacologically treated cardiovascular disease. Clinical Gerontologist, 33(2), 109–123. doi:10.1080/07317110903552180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., & Carr, M. (2014). Working memory and strategy use contribute to gender differences in spatial ability. Educational Psychology, 49, 261–282. doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.960568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, A., Arrighi, H. M., Michels, S., & Cedarbaum, J. M. (2012). Mild cognitive impairment: Disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimer's and Dementia, 8(1), 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., & Merrill, E. C. (2016). Cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity predict wayfinding competence and strategies of men and women. Sex Roles, 76 (11-12), 747–758. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0626-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Li, Q., Fang, Z., Lu, S., & Shaw, S. L. (2014). An assessment method for landmark recognition time in real scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 206–217. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, J. Y., & Kozhevnikov, M. (2016). Relating allocentric and egocentric survey-reported use of a navigation strategy of egocentric spatial updating. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 46, 154–175. doi.10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar