References
- Axelson, M., Mörk, B., & Sjövall, J. (1991). Ethanol has an acute effect on bile acid biosynthesis in man. FEBS Letters, 281(1–2), 155–159.
- Balasubramanian, K., Kumar, S., Singh, R. R., Sharma, U., Ahuja, V., Makharia, G. K., & Jagannathan, N. R. (2009). Metabolism of the colonic mucosa in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: An in vitro proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 27(1), 79–86. Retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2008.05.014
- Banikazemi, Z., Mirzaei, H., Mokhber, N., & Ghayour Mobarhan, M. (2016). Selenium intake is related to Beck's depression score. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(3), e59257. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.21993
- Barberger-Gateau, P., Raffaitin, C., Letenneur, L., Berr, C., Tzourio, C., Dartigues, J. F., & Alpérovitch, A. (2007). Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: The Three-city cohort study. Neurology, 69(20), 1921–1930. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000278116.37320.52
- Bartlett, L., Nowak, M., & Ho, Y.-H. (2009). Impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 15(26), 3276–3282. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3276
- Benno, P., Dahlgren, A.-L., Befrits, R., Norin, E., Hellström, P. M., & Midtvedt, T. (2016). From IBS to DBS: The Dysbiotic bowel syndrome. Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports, 4(2), 2324709616648458. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/2324709616648458
- Bergsson, G., Arnfinnsson, J., Steingrímsson, O., & Thormar, H. (2001). Killing of Gram-positive cocci by fatty acids and monoglycerides. APMIS: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica, 109(10), 670–678.
- Bird, A. R., Conlon, M. A., Christophersen, C. T., & Topping, D. L. (2010). Resistant starch, large bowel fermentation and a broader perspective of prebiotics and probiotics. Beneficial Microbes, 1(4), 423–431. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2010.0041
- Boirie, Y. (2009). Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 13(8), 717–723.
- Bruinsma, K. A., & Taren, D. L. (2000). Dieting, Essential fatty acid Intake, and depression. Nutrition Reviews, 58(4), 98–108. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb07539.x
- Byles, J. E., Gallienne, L., Blyth, F. M., & Banks, E. (2012). Relationship of age and gender to the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in later life. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(6), 1009–1018. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211002602
- Carlson, S. J., Fallon, E. M., Kalish, B. T., Gura, K. M., & Puder, M. (2013). The role of the ω-3 fatty acid DHA in the human life cycle. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 37(1), 15–22. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607112467821
- Chey, W. D., Camilleri, M., Chang, L., Rikner, L., & Graffner, H. (2011). A randomized placebo-controlled phase IIb trial of a3309, a bile acid transporter inhibitor, for chronic idiopathic constipation. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 106(10), 1803–1812. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.162
- Choi, S., DiSilvio, B., Fernstrom, M. H., & Fernstrom, J. D. (2009). Meal ingestion, amino acids and brain neurotransmitters: Effects of dietary protein source on serotonin and catecholamine synthesis rates. Physiology & Behavior, 98(1), 156–162. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.05.004
- Choi, S., DiSilvio, B., Fernstrom, M. H., & Fernstrom, J. D. (2011). The chronic ingestion of diets containing different proteins produces marked variations in brain tryptophan levels and serotonin synthesis in the rat. Neurochemical Research, 36(3), 559–565. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-010-0382-1
- Cuskin, F., Lowe, E. C., Temple, M. J., Zhu, Y., Cameron, E. A., Pudlo, N. A., … Gilbert, H. J. (2015). Human gut bacteroidetes can utilize yeast mannan through a selfish mechanism. Nature, 517(7533), 165–169. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13995
- de Diego-Adeliño, J., Portella, M. J., Gómez-Ansón, B., López-Moruelo, O., Serra-Blasco, M., Vives, Y., … Pérez, V. (2013). Hippocampal abnormalities of glutamate/glutamine, N-acetylaspartate and choline in patients with depression are related to past illness burden. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN; Ottawa, 38(2), 107–116.
- Eicher-Miller, H. A., & Boushey, C. J. (2017). How often and how much? Differences in dietary intake by frequency and energy contribution vary among U.S. adults in NHANES 2007–2012. Nutrients, 9(1). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010086
- Engen, P. A., Green, S. J., Voigt, R. M., Forsyth, C. B., & Keshavarzian, A. (2015). The gastrointestinal microbiome: Alcohol effects on the composition of intestinal microbiota. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 37(2), 223–236.
- Fernstrom, M. H., & Fernstrom, J. D. (1995). Brain tryptophan concentrations and serotonin synthesis remain responsive to food consumption after the ingestion of sequential meals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(2), 312–319.
- Gea, A., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Toledo, E., Sanchez-Villegas, A., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Nuñez-Cordoba, J. M., … Beunza, J. J. (2012). A longitudinal assessment of alcohol intake and incident depression: The SUN project. BMC Public Health, 12, 954. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-954
- Glenn, M. J., Adams, R. S., & McClurg, L. (2012). Supplemental dietary choline during development exerts antidepressant-like effects in adult female rats. Brain Research, 1443, 52–63. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.018
- Grishina, I., Fenton, A., & Sankaran-Walters, S. (2014). Gender differences, aging and hormonal status in mucosal injury and repair. Aging and Disease, 5(2), 160–169. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.0500160
- Harman, S. M., Metter, E. J., Tobin, J. D., Pearson, J., Blackman, M. R., & Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.(2001). Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86(2), 724–731. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219
- Hassinen, J. B., Durbin, G. T., & Bernhart, F. W. (1950). Hexadecenoic acid as a growth factor for lactic acid bacteria. Archives of Biochemistry, 25(1), 91–96.
- Hawkes, W. C., & Hornbostel, L. (1996). Effects of dietary selenium on mood in healthy men living in a metabolic research unit. Biological Psychiatry, 39(2), 121–128. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00085-2
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iWFSpQFh-y4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=info:oOq4KcdX0h0J:sCholar.google.com&ots=1y54mD1JNX&sig=tFB-eppmM03Y6rARVuH8lCDFnIk
- Herbst, F., Kamm, M., Morris, G., Britton, K., Woloszko, J., & Nicholls, R. (1997). Gastrointestinal transit and prolonged ambulatory colonic motility in health and faecal incontinence. Gut, 41(3), 381–389.
- Houghton, L. A., Jackson, N. A., Whorwell, P. J., & Morris, J. (2000). Do male sex hormones protect from irritable bowel syndrome ? The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95(9), 2296–2300. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02314.x
- Jašarević, E., Morrison, K. E., & Bale, T. L. (2016). Sex differences in the gut microbiome–brain axis across the lifespan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1688), 20150122. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0122
- Johnson, C. L., Paulose-Ram, R., Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kruszon-Moran, D., Dohrmann, S. M., & Curtin, L. R. (2013). National health and nutrition examination survey: Analytic guidelines, 1999–2010. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Data Evaluation and Methods Research, (161), 1–24.
- King, B. M. (2013). The modern obesity epidemic, ancestral hunter-gatherers, and the sensory/reward control of food intake. American Psychologist, 68(2), 88–96. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030684
- Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
- Lieberman, H. R., Caballero, B., & Finer, N. (1986). The composition of lunch determines afternoon plasma tryptophan ratios in humans. J. Neural Transmission, 65(3–4), 211–217.
- Lucas, M., Asselin, G., Mérette, C., Poulin, M.-J., & Dodin, S. (2009). Effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on hot flashes and quality of life among middle-aged women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Menopause, 16(2), 357–366. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181865386
- Magalhães, P. J., Carvalho, D. O., Cruz, J. M., Guido, L. F., & Barros, A. A. (2009). Fundamentals and health benefits of xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hops and beer. Natural Product Communications, 4(5), 591–610.
- Marchesi, J. R., Adams, D. H., Fava, F., Hermes, G. D. A., Hirschfield, G. M., Hold, G., … Hart, A. (2016). The gut microbiota and host health: A new clinical frontier. Gut, 65(2), 330–339. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309990
- Mortensen, E. L., Jensen, H. H., Sanders, S. A., & Reinisch, J. M. (2001). Better psychological functioning and higher social status may largely explain the apparent health benefits of wine: A study of wine and beer drinking in young Danish adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(15), 1844–1848.
- Mozaffarian, D., Cao, H., King, I. B., Lemaitre, R. N., Song, X., Siscovick, D. S., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2010). Trans-palmitoleic acid, metabolic risk factors, and New-onset diabetes in US adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(12), 790–799. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1059/0003-4819-153-12-201012210-00005
- Mundet, L., Ribas, Y., Arco, S., & Clavé, P. (2015). Quality of life differences in female and male patients with fecal incontinence. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 22(1), 94–101. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm15088
- Nilsson, L.-M., Sjövall, J., Strom, S., Bodin, K., Nowak, G., Einarsson, C., & Ellis, E. (2007). Ethanol stimulates bile acid formation in primary human hepatocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 364(4), 743–747. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.039
- Nordbakke, S., & Schwanen, T. (2014). Well-being and mobility: A theoretical framework and literature review focusing on older people. Mobilities, 9(1), 104–129. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2013.784542
- O'Keefe, E. A., Talley, N. J., Zinsmeister, A. R., & Jacobsen, S. J. (1995). Bowel disorders impair functional status and quality of life in the elderly: A population-based study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50A(4), M184–189.
- Org, E., Mehrabian, M., Parks, B. W., Shipkova, P., Liu, X., Drake, T. A., & Lusis, A. J. (2016). Sex differences and hormonal effects on gut microbiota composition in mice. Gut Microbes, 7(4), 313–322. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2016.1203502
- Patel, C. J., Rehkopf, D. H., Leppert, J. T., Bortz, W. M., Cullen, M. R., Chertow, G. M., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2013). Systematic evaluation of environmental and behavioural factors associated with all-cause mortality in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(6), 1795–1810. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt208
- Pusceddu, M. M., Aidy, S. E., Crispie, F., O'Sullivan, O., Cotter, P., Stanton, C., … Dinan, T. G. (2015). N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFAs) reverse the impact of early-life stress on the gut microbiota. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0139721. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139721
- Ridlon, J. M., Kang, D. J., Hylemon, P. B., & Bajaj, J. S. (2014). Bile acids and the gut microbiome. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 30(3), 332–338. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0000000000000057
- Rockwood, T. H., Church, J. M., Fleshman, J. W., Kane, R. L., Mavrantonis, C., Thorson, A. G., … Lowry, A. C. (1999). Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 42(12), 1525–1531. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02236199
- Sagami, S., Ueno, Y., Tanaka, S., Fujita, A., Niitsu, H., Hayashi, R., … Chayama, K. (2017). Choline deficiency causes colonic Type II Natural Killer T (NKT) cell loss and alleviates murine colitis under Type I NKT cell deficiency. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0169681. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169681
- Saka, B., Kaya, O., Ozturk, G. B., Erten, N., & Karan, M. A. (2010). Malnutrition in the elderly and its relationship with other geriatric syndromes. Clinical Nutrition, 29(6), 745–748. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2010.04.006
- Salive, M. E. (2013). Multimorbidity in older adults. Epidemiologic Reviews, 35, 75–83. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxs009
- Sarkar, A., Lehto, S. M., Harty, S., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2016). Psychobiotics and the manipulation of bacteria–gut–brain signals. Trends in Neurosciences, 39(11), 763–781. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002
- Singh, R. K., Chang, H.-W., Yan, D., Lee, K. M., Ucmak, D., Wong, K., … Liao, W. (2017). Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. Journal of Translational Medicine, 15, 73. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y
- Song, Y., You, N.-C. Y., Song, Y., Kang, M. K., Hou, L., Wallace, R., … Liu, S. (2013). Intake of small-to-medium-chain saturated fatty acids is associated with peripheral leukocyte telomere length in postmenopausal women. Journal of Nutrition, 143(6), 907–914. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.175422
- Steingard, R. J., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Hennen, J., Moore, J. C., Moore, C. M., Vakili, K., … Renshaw, P. F. (2000). Increased orbitofrontal cortex levels of choline in depressed adolescents as detected by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biological Psychiatry, 48(11), 1053–1061. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00942-2
- Suarez, E. C., Schramm-Sapyta, N. L., Vann Hawkins, T., & Erkanli, A. (2013). Depression inhibits the anti-inflammatory effects of leisure time physical activity and light to moderate alcohol consumption. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 32, 144–152. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.03.009
- Teff, K. L., Alavi, A., Chen, J., Pourdehnad, M., & Townsend, R. R. (1999). Muscarinic blockade inhibits gastric emptying of mixed-nutrient meal: Effects of weight and gender. The American Journal of Physiology, 276(3 Pt 2), R707–714.
- Trompette, A., Gollwitzer, E. S., Yadava, K., Sichelstiel, A. K., Sprenger, N., Ngom-Bru, C., … Marsland, B. J. (2014). Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nature Medicine, 20(2), 159–166. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3444
- Turnbaugh, P. J., Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2009). The effect of diet on the human gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Science Translational Medicine, 1(6), 6ra14–6ra14. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322
- Uneyama, H., Niijima, A., San Gabriel, A., & Torii, K. (2006). Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 291(6), G1163–1170. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00587.2005
- Vaizey, C. J., Kamm, M. A., & Bartram, C. I. (1997). Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence. The Lancet, 349(9052), 612–615. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09188-X
- Wille, J. J., & Kydonieus, A. (2003). Palmitoleic acid isomer (C16:1Δ6) in human skin sebum is effective against gram-positive bacteria. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 16(3), 176–187. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1159/000069757
- Wong, B. S., Camilleri, M., Carlson, P., McKinzie, S., Busciglio, I., Bondar, O., … Zinsmeister, A. R. (2012). Increased bile acid biosynthesis is associated with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 10(9), 1009–1015. e3. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.05.006
- Wong, B. S., Camilleri, M., McKinzie, S., Burton, D., Graffner, H., & Zinsmeister, A. R. (2011). Effects of A3309, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor, on colonic transit and symptoms in females with functional constipation. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 106(12), 2154–2164. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.285
- Wu, P., Jiang, W.-D., Jiang, J., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y.-A., … Feng, L. (2016). Dietary choline deficiency and excess induced intestinal inflammation and alteration of intestinal tight junction protein transcription potentially by modulating NF-κB, STAT and p38 MAPK signaling molecules in juvenile Jian carp. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 58, 462–473. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.055