Using a therapeutic companion robot for dementia symptoms in long-term care: reflections from a cluster-RCT

References

• Alsop, J., Scott, M., & Archey, W. (2016). The mixed randomized trial: Combining randomized, pragmatic and observational clinical trial designs. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research, 5(6), 569–579. doi:10.2217/cer-2016-0034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzheimer's Association. (2009). Dementia care practice recommendations for assisted living residences and nursing homes. Retrieved fromhttp://www.alz.org/national/documents/brochure_DCPRphases1n2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Alzheimer's Association. (2016). 2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 12(4), 459–509. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2012a). Dementia in Australia. Cat. no. AGE 70. Retrieved from Canberra: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737422958
   Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2012b). Residential aged care in Australia 2010-11: A statistical overview. Cat. no. AGE 68. Retrieved from Canberra:http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737422821
   Google Scholar
• Bemelmans, R., Gelderblom, G. J., Jonker, P., & de Witte, L. (2012). Socially assistive robots in elderly care: A systematic review into effects and effectiveness. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(2), 114–120.e111. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bothwell, L. E., Greene, J. A., Podolsky, S. H., & Jones, D. S. (2016). Assessing the gold standard — Lessons from the history of RCTs. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(22), 2175–2181. doi:10.1056/NEJMms1604593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraoni, D., & Schaefer, S. T. (2016). Randomized controlled trials vs. observational studies: Why not just live together? BMC Anesthesiology, 16(1), 102. doi:10.1186/s12871-016-0265-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, S. I., & Burns, A. (1999). BPSD Consensus Statement. International Psychogeriatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Gaugler, J. E., Wall, M. M., Kane, R. L., Menk, J. S., Sarsour, K., Johnston, J. A., … Newcomer, R. (2010). The effects of incident and persistent behavioral problems on change in caregiver burden and nursing home admission of persons with dementia. Medical Care, 48(10), 875–883. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181ec557b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaugler, J. E., Yu, F., Davila, H. W., & Shippee, T. (2014). Alzheimer's disease and nursing homes. Health Affairs, 33(4), 650–657. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, G., Timlin, A., Curran, S., & Wattis, J. (2004). The scope for qualitative methods in research and clinical trials in dementia. Age and Ageing, 33(4), 422–426. doi:10.1093/ageing/afh136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C., Sung, B., & Moyle, W. (2015). Assessing engagement in people with dementia: A new approach to assessment using video analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(6), 377–382. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jøranson, N., Pedersen, I., Rokstad, A. M. M., & Ihlebæk, C. (2015). Effects on symptoms of agitation and depression in persons with dementia participating in robot-assisted activity: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(10), 867–873. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klapwijk, M. S., Caljouw, M. A., Pieper, M. J., van der Steen, J. T., & Achterberg, W. P. (2016). Characteristics associated with quality of life in long-term care residents with dementia: A cross-sectional study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 42(3-4), 186–197. doi:10.1159/000448806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, V., Fossey, J., Ballard, C., Moniz-Cook, E., & Murray, J. (2012). Improving quality of life for people with dementia in care homes: Making psychosocial interventions work. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201(5), 344–351. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, S., Glenton, C., & Oxman, A. D. (2009). Use of qualitative methods alongside randomised controlled trials of complex healthcare interventions: Methodological study. BMJ, 339, b3496. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston, G., Kelly, L., Lewis-Holmes, E., Baio, G., Morris, S., Patel, N., … Cooper, C. (2014). Non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(6), 436–442. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.141119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, G., & Templeton, M. (2014). Ethical considerations of doll therapy for people with dementia. Nursing Ethics, 21(6), 720–730. doi:10.1177/0969733013518447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mordoch, E., Osterreicher, A., Guse, L., Roger, K., & Thompson, G. (2013). Use of social commitment robots in the care of elderly people with dementia: A literature review. Maturitas, 74(1), 14–20. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle, W., Beattie, E., Draper, B., Shum, D., Thalib, L., Jones, C., … Mervin, C. (2015). Effect of an interactive therapeutic robotic animal on engagement, mood states, agitation and psychotropic drug use in people with dementia: A cluster-randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open, 5(8), e009097. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle, W., Bramble, M., Jones, C., & Murfield, J. (2016). Care staff perceptions of a social robot called Paro and a look-alike Plush Toy: A descriptive qualitative approach. Aging & Mental Health, 1–6. doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1262820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle, W., Bramble, M., Jones, C., & Murfield, J. (2017). ‘She had a smile on her face as wide as the great Australian bite’: A qualitative examination of family perceptions of a therapeutic robot and a plush toy. The Gerontologist. doi:10.1093/geront/gnx180 (Epub ahead of print).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle, W., Cooke, M., Beattie, E., Jones, C., Klein, B., Cook, G., & Gray, C. (2013). Exploring the effect of companion robots on emotional expression in older adults with dementia: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 39(5), 46–53. doi:10.3928/00989134-20130313-03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle, W., El Saifi, N., Draper, B., Jones, C., Beattie, E., Shum, D., … S, O. D. (2017a). Pharmacotherapy of persons with dementia in long-term care in Australia: A descriptive audit of central nervous system medications. Current Drug Safety, 12(2), 95–102. doi:10.2174/1574886312666170209113203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle, W., Jones, C. J., Murfield, J. E., Thalib, L., Beattie, E. R. A., Shum, D. K. H., … Draper, B. M. (2017b). Use of a robotic seal as a therapeutic tool to improve dementia symptoms: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(9), 766–773. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2006, updated 2016). Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. Clinical guideline [CG42]. Retrieved fromhttps://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg42
   Google Scholar
• NHMRC Partnership Centre for Dealing with Cognitive and Related Functional Decline in Older People. (2016). Clinical practice guidlines and principles of care for people with dementia: Recommendations. Retrieved fromhttp://sydney.edu.au/medicine/cdpc/documents/resources/CDPC-Dementia-Recommendations_WEB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Oyebode, J. R., & Parveen, S. (2016). Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia: An overview and commentary on recent developments. Dementia. doi:10.1177/1471301216656096
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, S., Houston, S., Qin, H., Tague, C., & Studley, J. (2017). The utilization of robotic pets in dementia care. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 55(2), 569–574. doi:10.3233/jad-160703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, C. N., Miller, M. C., Lane, M., Cornman, C., Sarsour, K., & Kahle-Wrobleski, K. (2016). The influence of caregivers and behavioral and psychological symptoms on nursing home placement of persons with Alzheimer's disease: A matched case–control study. SAGE Open Medicine, 4, 2050312116661877. doi:10.1177/2050312116661877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, M., Knapp, M., Guerchet, M., McCrone, P., Prina, M., & Comas-Herrera, A..… On behalf of Alzheimer's Society. (2014). Dementia UK: Update. Retrieved from London:https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/download/downloads/id/2323/dementia_uk_update.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Relton, C., Torgerson, D., O'Cathain, A., & Nicholl, J. (2010). Rethinking pragmatic randomised controlled trials: Introducing the “cohort multiple randomised controlled trial” design. BMJ, 340, c1066. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, C. W., Terrera, G. M., & Quinn, T. J. (2015). Dementia trials and dementia tribulations: Methodological and analytical challenges in dementia research. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 7(1), 31. doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0113-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, J. T., Basic, D., Storey, J. E., & Conforti, D. A. (2006). The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) and the Folstein MMSE in a multicultural cohort of elderly persons. International Psychogeriatrics, 18(1), 111–120. doi:10.1017/s1041610205003133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz, D. P., Gill, S. S., Herrmann, N., Brisbin, S., Rapoport, M. J., Rines, J., … Conn, D. K. (2013). Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in long-term care: A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(2), 185–203. doi:10.1017/S1041610212001627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter, S., Cole, D., Jennings, E., & Reimer, M. A. (2007). Consent and assent to participate in research from people with dementia. Nursing Ethics, 14(1), 27–40. doi:10.1177/0969733007071355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayanagi, K., Kirita, T., & Shibata, T. (2014). Comparison of verbal and emotional responses of elderly people with mild/moderate dementia and those with severe dementia in responses to seal robot, Paro. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 257. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thodberg, K., Sørensen, L. U., Videbech, P. B., Poulsen, P. H., Houbak, B., Damgaard, V., … Christensen, J. W. (2016). Behavioral responses of nursing home residents to visits from a person with a dog, a robot seal or a toy cat. Anthrozoös, 29(1), 107–121. doi:10.1080/08927936.2015.1089011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Spek, K., Gerritsen, D. L., Smalbrugge, M., Nelissen-Vrancken, M. H. J. M. G., Wetzels, R. B., Smeets, C. H. W., … Koopmans, R. T. C. M. (2016). Only 10% of the psychotropic drug use for neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia is fully appropriate. The PROPER I-study. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(10), 1589–1595. doi:10.1017/S104161021600082X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, J. H., & Hamel, M. B. (2011). Pragmatic trials - Guides to better patient care? The New England Journal of Medicine, 364(18), 1685–1687. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1103502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, P., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Koroknay, V., & Braun, J. (1994). The impact of a restraint-reduction program on nursing home residents. Geriatric Nursing, 15, 142–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4572(09)90040-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman, S., Williams, C. S., Reed, P. S., Boustani, M., Preisser, J. S., Heck, E., & Sloane, P. D. (2005). Attitudes, stress, and satisfaction of staff who care for residents with dementia. The Gerontologist, 45 Spec No, 1(1), 96–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuidema, S. U., Derksen, E., Verhey, F. R., & Koopmans, R. T. (2007). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a large sample of Dutch nursing home patients with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(7), 632–638. doi:10.1002/gps.1722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar