The effect of educational attainment on cognition of older adults: results from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2001 and 2012

References

• Aguilar-Navarro, S. G., Fuentes-Cantú, A., Ávila-Funes, J. A., & García-Mayo, E. J. (2007). Validez y Confiabilidad del Cuestionario del ENASEM para la Depresión en Adultos Mayores. Salud Pública de México, 49(4), 256–262. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342007000400005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al Hazzouri, A. Z., Haan, M. N., Galea, S., & Aiello, A. E. (2011). Life-course exposure to early socioeconomic environment, education in relation to late-life cognitive function among Older Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Journal of Aging and Health, 23(7), 1027–1049. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264311421524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Hazzouri, A. Z., Sibai, A. M., Chaaya, M., Mahfoud, Z., & Yount, K. M. (2011). Gender differences in physical disability among older adults in underprivileged communities in Lebanon. Journal of Aging and Health, 23(2), 367–382. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264310385454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alley, D., Suthers, K., & Crimmins, E. (2007). Education and cognitive decline in older Americans: Results from the AHEAD Sample. Research on Aging, 29(1), 73–94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027506294245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amieva, H., Mokri, H., Goff, M. L., Meillon, C., Jacqim-Gadda, H., Foubert-Samier, A., … Dartigues, J. F. (2014). Compensatory mechanisms in higher-educated subjects with Alzheimer’s Disease: A study of 20 years of cognitive decline. Brain, 137(4), 1167–1175. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreano, J. M., & Cahill, L. (2009). Sex Influences on the neurobiology of learning and memory. Learning & Memory, 16(4), 248–266. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.918309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardila, A., Ostrosky-Solis, F., Rosselli, M., & Gómez, C. (2000). Age-related cognitive decline during normal aging: The complex effect of education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(6), 495–513. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(99)00040-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonsang, E., Skirbekk, V., & Staudinger, U. M. (2017). As you sow, so shall you reap: Gender-role attitudes and late-life cognition. Psychological Science, 28(9), 1201–1213. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617708634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cañas, J., & Gutierrez, E. (2015). Mexico's four economies reflect regional differences. Challenges Southwest Economy, (Q3), 10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Comijs, H. C., Dik, M. G., Deeg, D. J., & Jonker, C. (2004). The course of cognitive decline in older persons: Results from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 17(3), 136–142. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000076346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe, M., Clay, O. J., Martin, R. C., Howard, V. J., Wadley, V. G., Sawyer, P., & Allman, R. M. (2013). Indicators of childhood quality of education in relation to cognitive function in older adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(2), 198–204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downer, B., Veeranki, S. P., & Wong, R. (2016). A late life risk index for severe cognitive impairment in Mexico. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 52(1), 191–203. doi: http://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H. X., Ericcson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: A community-based longitudinal study. Lancet, 355(9212), 1315–1319. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02113-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glosser, G., Wolfe, N., Albert, M. L., Lavine, L., Steele, J. C., Calne, D. B., & Schoenberg, B. S. (1993). Cross-cultural cognitive examination: Validation of a dementia screening instrument for neuroepidemiological research. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(9), 931–939. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06758.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2010). Censo de Población y Vivienda. Retrieved from http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/olap/Proyectos/bd/censos/cpv2010/PT.asp?s=est&c=27770&proy=cpv10_pt
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2011). Características Educativas de la Población: Distribución Porcentual de la Población de 15 y Más Años por Nivel Educativo, Para Cada Sexo, 1960 a 2010. Retrieved from http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/sisept/Default.aspx?t=medu09&s=est&c=35006
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2013). Mexican Health and Aging Study 2012: Sample Design. Aguascalientes, Mex.: INEGI. Available at: http://mhasweb.org/Resources/DOCUMENTS/2012/Methodological_Document_2012-SEC.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Joel, D., Berman, Z., Tavor, I., Wexler, N., Gaber, O., Stein, Y., … Assaf, Y. (2015). Sex beyond the genitalia: The human brain mosaic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(50), 15468–15473. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509654112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalaria, R. N., Maestre, G. E., Arizaga, R., Friedland, R. P., Galasko, D., Hall, K., … Antuono, P. (2008). Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: Prevalence, management, and risk factors. The Lancet Neurology, 7(9), 812–826. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70169-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehoe, T. J., & Meza, F. (2011). Catch-up growth followed by stagnation: Mexico, 1950-2010. Latin American Journal of Economics, 48(2), 227–268. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0719-043320110002000006
   Google Scholar
• Kimura, D., & Clarke, P. G. (2002). Women's advantage on verbal memory is not restricted to concrete words. Psychological Reports, 91, 1137–1142. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryspin-Exner, I., Lamplmayr, E., & Felnhofer, A. (2011). Geropsychology: The gender gap in human aging – A mini-review. Gerontology, 57(6), 539–548. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000323154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langa, K. M., Llewellyn, D. J., Lang, I. A., Weir, D. R., Wallace, R. B., Kabeto, M. U., & Huppert, F. A. (2009). Cognitive health among older adults in the United States and in England. BMC Geriatrics, 9, 23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-9-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, S., Kawachi, I., Berkman, L. F., & Grodstein, F. (2003). Education, other socioeconomic indicators, and cognitive function. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(8), 712–720. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, X., Hu, Y., McArdle, J. J., Smith, J. P., & Zhao, Y. (2012). Gender differences in cognition among older adults in China. Journal of Human Resources, 47(4), 951–971. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2012.0033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn, M. C., & Kessel, C. (2003). Gender differences in cognition and educational performance. In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive science (pp. 261–267). New York: MacMillian.
   Google Scholar
• Matallana, D., de Santacruz, C., Cano, C., Reyes, P., Samper-Ternent, R., Markides, K. S., … Reyes-Ortiz, C. A. (2011). The relationship between education level and mini-mental state examination domains among older Mexican Americans. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 24(1), 9–18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891988710373597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer, J. (2010). Height, education and later-life cognition in Latin America and the Caribbean. Economics and Human Biology, 8(2), 168–176. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2010.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer, J. (2011). Education and male-female differences in later-life cognition: International Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. Demography, 48(3), 915–930. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0048-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mejía-Arango, S., Wong, R., & Michaels-Obregón, A. (2015). Normative and standardized data for cognitive measures in the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Salud Pública de México, 57(1), S90–S96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendel, J., Murphy, S., Miller, L., Martin, M., & Karnik, N. (1999). The Fuzzy logic advisor for social judgments: A first attempt. In L. Zadeh & J. Kacprzyk (Eds.), Computing with words in information/intelligent systems 2 (Vol. 34, pp. 459–483). Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Mexican Health and Aging Study. (2001). Data Files and Documentation (Public Use): Wave 1. Retrieved from http://www.mhasweb.org
   Google Scholar
• Mexican Health and Aging Study. (2012). Data Files and Documentation (Public Use): Wave 3. Retrieved from http://www.mhasweb.org
   Google Scholar
• Michaels-Obregón, A., Mejía-Arango, S., & Wong, R. (2014). The Mexican Health and Aging Study: Cognitive Functioning Measures, Version 3. Retrieved from http://www.mhasweb.org/DiscussionForum/File%20Upload/Documents/Mexican%20Health%20and%20Aging%20Study%20(MHAS)%20-%20Cognition%20Battery%20(version%203).pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nitrini, R., Bottino, C. M., Albala, C., Custodio-Capuñay, N. S., Ketzoian, C., Llibre-Rodríguez, J. J., … Caramelli, P. (2009). Prevalence of dementia in Latin America: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. International Psychogeriatrics, 21(4), 622–630. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209009430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinin, A. M., Muniz-Terrera, G., Clouston, S., Reynolds, C. A., Thorvaldsson, V., Deary, I. J., … Hofer, S. M. (2012). Coordinated analysis of age, sex, and education effects on change in MMSE Scores. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(3), 374–390. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samper-Ternent, R., Michaels-Obregón, A., Wong, R., & Palloni, A. (2012). Older adults under a mixed regime of infectious and chronic diseases. Salud Pública de México, 54(5), 487–495. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342012000500005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas, N., Albert, S. M., Manly, J. J., & Stern, Y. (2006). Education and rates of cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 77(3), 308–316. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.072306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K. V., & Goldman, N. (2007). Socioeconomic differences in health among older adults in Mexico. Social Science & Medicine, 65(7), 1372–1385. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solís-Manjarrez, L. (2000). La Realidad Económica Mexicana: Retrovisión y Perspectivas (3rd ed.). Mexico, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
   Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, Y. (2012). Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's Disease. The Lancet Neurology, 11(11), 1006–1012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70191-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundermann, E. E., Maki, P. M., Rubin, L. H., Lipton, R. B., Landau, S., & Biegon, A. (2016). Female advantage in verbal memory: Evidence of sex-specific cognitive reserve. Neurology, 87(18), 1916–1924. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berg, G. J., Deeg, D. J. H., Lindeboom, M., & Portrait, F. (2010). The role of early-life conditions in the cognitive decline due to adverse events later in life. The Economic Journal, 120(548), F411–F428. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02396.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Kommer, T. N., Comijs, H. C., Aartsen, M. J., Huisman, M., Deeg, D. J. H., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2013). Depression and cognition: How do they interrelate in old age? The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(4), 398–410. doi: http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. S., Li, Y., Aggarwal, N. T., Barnes, L. L., McCann, J. J., Gilley, D. W., & Evans, D. A. (2004). Education and the course of cognitive decline in Alzheimer Disease. Neurology, 63(7), 1198–1202. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000140488.65299.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, R., Michaels-Obregón, A., & Palloni, A. (2017). Cohort profile: The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2), e2. doi: http://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, R., & Palloni, A. (2009). Aging in Mexico and Latin America. In P. Uhlenberg (Ed.), International handbook of population aging (pp. 231–252). Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y.-T., Beiser, A. S., Breteler, M. M. B., Fratiglioni, L., Helmer, C., Hendrie, H. C., … Brayne, C. (2017). The changing prevalence and incidence of dementia over time: Current evidence. Nature Reviews Neurology, 13(6), 327–339. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahodne, L. B., Glymour, M. M., Sparks, C., Bontempo, D., Dixon, R. A., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Manly, J. J. (2011). Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 1–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711001044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinski, E. M., Gilewski, M. J., & Schaie, K. W. (1993). Individual differences in cross-sectional and 3-year longitudinal memory performance across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 176–186. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar