Assessing the relative contribution of social exclusion, income-poverty, and financial strain on depressive symptoms among older people in Hong Kong

References

• Abrams, D., & Christian, J. (2007). A relational analysis of social exclusion. In D. Abrams, J. Christian & D. Gordon (Eds.), Multidisciplinary handbook of social exclusion research (pp. 211–232). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos, G. (2005). Depression in the elderly. Lancet (London, England), 365(9475), 1961–1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayllón, S., & Gábos, A. (2017). The interrelationships between the europe 2020 poverty and social exclusion indicators. Social Indicators Research, 130(3), 1025–1049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, M., Blom, A., Cox, K., Lessof, C., & Walker, A. (2006). The Social exclusion of older people: Evidence from the first wave of the english longitudinal study of ageing (elsa): final report. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
   Google Scholar
• Berthoud, R. (2003). Multiple disadvantage in employment: a quantitative analysis. New York (NY): Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Boey, K. W. (2000). The use of GDS-15 among the older adults in Beijing. Clinical Gerontologist, 21(2), 49–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bremmer, M. A., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Deeg, D. J. H., Schoevers, R. A., Schalk, B. W. M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2006). Depression in older age is a risk factor for first ischemic cardiac events. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(6), 523–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchardt, T., Le Grand, J., & Piachaud, D. (1999). Social exclusion in Britain 1991—1995. Social Policy & Administration, 33(3), 227–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department (2016). Quarterly report on general household survey (April- June). Retrieved from https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B10500012016QQ02B0100.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department (2018). By-census results. Retrieved from https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-index.html
   Google Scholar
• Chan, L.-S., & Chou, K.-L. (2016). Immigration, living arrangement, and poverty risk for older adults in Hong Kong. International Journal of Social Welfare, 25(3), 247–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, L.-S., & Chou, K.-L. (2017). A survey of asset poverty among older adults of Hong Kong. Social Indicators Research, 138, 605–622. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1674-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.-Y., Wong, G. H. Y., Lum, T. Y., Lou, V. W. Q., Ho, A. H. Y., Luo, H., & Tong, T. L. W. (2016). Neighborhood support network, perceived proximity to community facilities and depressive symptoms among low socioeconomic status Chinese elders. Aging and Mental Health, 20(4), 423–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S.-T., Yu, E. C. S., Lee, S. Y., Wong, J. Y. H., Lau, K. H., Chan, L. K., … Wong, M. W. L. (2010). The geriatric depression scale as a screening tool for depression and suicide ideation: a replication and extention. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(3), 256–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, K. C. K., & Chou, K.-L. (2017). Poverty, deprivation, and depressive symptoms among older adults in Hong Kong. Aging & Mental Health, 1–8. DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1394438.
   Google Scholar
• Chi, I., Yip, P. S. F., Chiu, H. F. K., Chou, K. L., Chan, K. S., Kwan, C. W., … Caine, E. (2005). Prevalence of depression and its correlates in Hong Kong's chinese older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(5), 409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, M.-Y., Chen, C.-C., Tsang, H.-Y., Yeh, T.-L., Chen, C.-S., Lee, Y.-H., … Lo, H.-Y. (2001). Community study of depression in old age in taiwan - prevalence, life events and socio-demographic correlates. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(01), 29–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chou, K. L. (2017). Social exclusion in old age: A validation study in Hong Kong. Aging & Mental Health, 1–8. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1330870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (1999). Determinants of life satisfaction in Hong Kong Chinese elderly: A longitudinal study. Aging and Mental Health, 3(4), 328–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2000). Stressful events and depressive symptoms among old women and men: a longitudinal study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 51(4), 275–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2001). Financial strain and depressive symptoms in Hong Kong elderly Chinese: the moderating or mediating effect of sense of control. Aging & Mental Health, 5(1), 23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2003). Reciprocal relationship between social support and depressive symptoms among Chinese elderly. Aging & Mental Health, 7(3), 224–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2004). Factors associated with the use of publicly funded services by Hong Kong Chinese older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 58(6), 1025–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2005). Functional disability related to diabetes mellitus in older Hong Kong Chinese adults. Gerontology, 51(5), 334–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., Chi, I., & Chow, N. (2004). Sources of income and depression in elderly Hong Kong Chinese: Mediating and moderating effects of social support and financial strain. Aging & Mental Health, 8(3), 212–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K. L., Ho, A. H., & Chi, I. (2006). Living alone and depression in Chinese older adults. Aging &Amp; Mental Health, 10(6), 583–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commission on Poverty (2013). Hong Kong’s first official poverty line – purpose and value. Retrieved from https://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/eng/pdf/20130930_article.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Djernes, J. K. (2006). Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: a review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(5), 372–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, K. (1995). Social exclusion and human dignity in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, P., Bronheim, S., Bynner, J., Klasen, S., Magrab, P., & Ranson, S. (2000). Social exclusion and children–creating identity capital: some conceptual issues and practical solutions. In G. Walraven, C. Persons, D. van Veen, & C. Day (Eds.), Combating social exclusion through education (pp. 117–140). Leuven-Apeldoorm: Garant Uitgevers N V.
   Google Scholar
• Gross-Manos, D. (2015). Material deprivation and social exclusion of children: lessons from measurement attempts among children in israel. Journal of Social Policy, 44(01), 105–125.
   Google Scholar
• Gureje, O., Kola, L., & Afolabi, E. (2007). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder in elderly Nigerians in the Ibadan Study of Ageing: a community-based survey. Lancet (London, England), 370(9591), 957–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harasemiw, O., Newall, N., Shooshtari, S., Mackenzie, C., & Menec, V. (2017). From social integration to social isolation: the relationship between social network types and perceived availability of social support in a national sample of older Canadians. Research on Aging, 40(8), 715–739. doi: 10.1177/0164027517734587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halleröd, B., & Larsson, D. (2008). Poverty, welfare problems and social exclusion. International Journal of Social Welfare, 17(1), 15–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen, S. (2002). Social exclusion and children in OECD countries: some conceptual issues. The School Field, 13, 9–25.
   Google Scholar
• Kneale, D. (2012). Is social exclusion still important for older people? London: The International Longevity Centre-UK (ILC-UK).
   Google Scholar
• Leclerc, A., Chastang, J.-F., Menvielle, G., & Luce, D. (2006). Socioeconomic inequalities in premature mortality in France: have they widened in recent decades?. Social Science & Medicine, 62(8), 2035–2045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, P., & Murie, A. (1999). Literature review of social exclusion. Edinburgh: Scottish Office Central Research Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S-y., & Chou, K-L. (2016). Trends in elderly poverty in Hong Kong: a decomposition analysis. Social Indicators Research, 129(2), 551–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Hong, P. Y. P., & Harm, Y. (2014). Poverty among korean immigrant older adults: examining the effects of social exclusion. Journal of Social Service Research, 40(4), 385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J. D. (2010). Welfare retrenchment. In F. G. Castles, S. Leibfried, J. Lewis, H. Obinger, & C. Pierson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the welfare state (pp. 552–65). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, C., Burns, T., Fitzpatrick, R., Pinfold, V., & Priebe, S. (2007). Social exclusion and mental health: conceptual and methodological review. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 191(6), 477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mui, A. (1999). Living alone and depression among older Chinese immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 30(3–4), 147–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan, B., & Whelan, C. T. (1996). Measuring poverty using income and deprivation indicators: alternative approaches. Journal of European Social Policy, 6(3), 225–240.
   Google Scholar
• Nyunt, M., Fones, C., Niti, M., & Ng, T. (2009). Criterion-based validity and reliability of the Geriatric Depression Screening Scale (GDS-15) in a large validation sample of community-living Asian older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 13(3), 376–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito, M., Kondo, N., Kondo, K., Ojima, T., & Hirai, H. (2012). Gender differences on the impacts of social exclusion on mortality among older japanese: ages cohort study. Social Science & Medicine, 75(5), 940–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsack, C. N., & Perry, T. E. (2017). Aging in place in every community: social exclusion experiences of parents of adult children with autism spectrum disorder. Research on Aging, 40(6), 535–557. doi:10.1177/0164027517717044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room, G. (1995). Beyond the threshold: The measurement and analysis of social exclusion. Bristol: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saito, M., Kondo, K., Kondo, N., Abe, A., Ojima, T., & Suzuki, K. (2014). Relative deprivation, poverty, and subjective health: JAGES cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e111169–e111169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, P., Wong, H., & Wong, W. P. (2014). Deprivation and poverty in Hong Kong. Social Policy and Administration, 48(5), 556–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf, T. (2015). Between inclusion and exclusion in later life. In K. Walsh, G. M. Carney, & Á. N. Léime (Eds.), Ageing through austerity: critical perspectives from Ireland (pp. 113–130). Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., & Smith, A. E. (2005). Social exclusion of older people in deprived urban communities of England. European Journal of Ageing, 2(2), 76–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulz, A. J., Gravlee, C. C., Williams, D. R., Israel, B. A., Mentz, G., & Rowe, Z. (2006). Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and selfrated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 96(7), 1265–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, H. (1994). Social exclusion and social solidarity: Three paradigms. International Labour Review, 133(5–6), 531–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, H. M., Lai, D. W. L., Zeng, Q., & Xu, W. Y. (2011). Effects of social exclusion on depressive symptoms: elderly chinese living alone in Shanghai, China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 26(4), 349–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: a survey of household resources and standards of living. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turvey, C. L., Schultz, S. K., Beglinger, L., & Klein, D. M. (2009). A longitudinal community-based study of chronic illness, cognitive and physical function, and depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(8), 632–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrooman, J. C., & Hoff, S. J. M. (2013). The disadvantaged among the Dutch: A survey approach to the multidimensional measurement of social exclusion. Social Indicators Research, 113(3), 1261–1287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A., & Walker, C. (1997). Britain divided. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
   Google Scholar
• Wattis, J. (1993). Does depression damage health? Ageing and Society, 13(03), 442–444.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2015). World report on ageing and health. Retrieved from https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20163387519.
   Google Scholar
• Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar