‘Feeling younger, remembering better’: the effect of experimentally induced subjective age on memory performance among Chinese older adults

References

• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Beijing Language College Language Instruction Institute. (1986). Modem Chinese frequency dictionary (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Language College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2013). Stereotype threat can both enhance and impair older adults’ memory. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2522–2529. doi:10.1177/0956797613497023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I. M. (1994). Memory changes in normal aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3(5), 155–158. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6805-2_18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S. T., Fung, H., & Chan, A. (2007). Maintaining self-rated health through social comparison in old age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(5), P277–P285. doi:10.1093/geronb/62.5.P277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, C. K., & Kwan, A. Y. (2009). The erosion of filial piety by modernisation in Chinese cities. Ageing & Society, 29(02), 179–198. (2). doi:10.1017/S0144686X08007836.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, N. W. S., & Bai, X. (2011). Modernization and its impact on Chinese older people’s perception of their own image and status. International Social Work, 54(6), 800–815. doi:10.1177/0020872811406458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N. G., & Dinitto, D. M. (2014). Felt age and cognitive-affective depressive symptoms in late life. Aging & Mental Health, 18(7), 833–837. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.886669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, P., & Wu, X. L. (2008). An empirical study of age identity among Chinese older adults. Population Research, 32(2), 67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Daviglus, M. L., Bell, C. C., Berrettini, W., Bowen, P. E., Connolly, E. S., Cox, N. J., … Trevisan, M. (2010). National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: Preventing Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(3), 176–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., Barrett, A. E., Brothers, A. F., Miche, M., Montepare, J. M., … Wurm, S. (2014). Awareness of aging: Theoretical considerations on an emerging concept. Developmental Review, 34(2), 93–113. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eibach, R. P., Mock, S. E., & Courtney, E. A. (2010). Having a “senior moment”: Induced aging phenomenology, subjective age, and susceptibility to ageist stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(4), 643–649. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrian, M., & Wahl, H. W. (2017). Being slower, feeling older? Experimentally induced cognitive aging experiences have limited impact on subjective age. European Journal of Ageing, 14(2), 179–188. doi:10.1007/s10433-016-0400-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. L., Geraci, L., & De Forrest, R. L. (2013). Aging 5 years in 5 minutes: The effect of taking a memory test on older adults’ subjective age., Psychological Science, 24(12), 2481–2488. doi:10.1177/0956797613494853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102(2), 284–304. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451–470. doi:10.1111/bmsp.12028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastenbaum, R., Derbin, V., Sabatini, P., & Artt, S. (1972). “The ages of me”: Toward personal and interpersonal definitions of functional aging. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 3(2), 197–211. doi:10.2190/TUJR-WTXK-866Q-8QU7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotter-Grühn, D., & Hess, T. M. (2012). The impact of age stereotypes on self-perceptions of aging across the adult lifespan. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(5), 563–571. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotter-Grühn, D., Kleinspehn-Ammerlahn, A., Gerstorf, D., & Smith, J. (2009). Self-perceptions of aging predict mortality and change with approaching death: 16-year longitudinal results from the berlin aging study. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 654–667. doi:10.1037/a0016510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotter-Grühn, D., Kornadt, A. E., & Stephan, Y. (2016). Looking beyond chronological age: Current knowledge and future directions in the study of subjective age. Gerontology, 62(1), 86–93. doi:10.1159/000438671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M., & Westerhof, G. J. (2012). Chronological and subjective age differences in flourishing mental health and major depressive episode. Aging & Mental Health, 16(1), 67–74. doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.596811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, B. R., & Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 230–233. doi:10.1037/a0014563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, L. L., Chang, W., Yu, X., Chiu, H., Chong, M. Y., & Kua, E. H. (2011). Depression in Chinese elderly populations. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 3(2), 46–53. doi:10.1111/j.1758-5872.2011.00119.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, K. (2014). The cross-domain correlates of subjective age in Chinese oldest-old. Aging & Mental Health, 18(2), 217–224. doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.823377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montepare, J. M. (2009). Subjective age: Toward a guiding lifespan framework. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(1), 42–46. doi:10.1177/0165025408095551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mock, S. E., & Eibach, R. P. (2011). Aging attitudes moderate the effect of subjective age on psychological well-being: Evidence from a 10-year longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 26(4), 979–986. doi:10.1037/a0023877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, S. W., DeCarlo, C. A., & Dixon, R. A. (2011). Linking biological and cognitive aging: toward improving characterizations of developmental time. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(suppl_1), 59–70. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr039.
   Google Scholar
• North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2015). Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 993–1021. doi:10.1037/a0039469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofstedal, M. B., Fisher, G. G., & Herzog, A. R. (2005). Documentation of cognitive functioning measures in the health and retirement study: HRS/AHEAD documentation report DR-006. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• O’brien, E. L., Hess, T. M., Kornadt, A. E., Rothermund, K., Fung, H., & Voss, P. (2017). Context influences on the subjective experience of aging: The impact of culture and domains of functioning. The Gerontologist, 57(suppl_2), S127–S137. doi:10.1093/geront/gnx015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmer, K., Bäckman, L., Winblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2008). Mild cognitive impairment in the general population: Occurrence and progression to Alzheimer disease. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(7), 603–611. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181753a64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popham, L. E., & Hess, T. M. (2013). Age differences in the underlying mechanisms of stereotype threat effects. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(2), 223–232. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. C., & Berntsen, D. (2006). People over forty feel 20% younger than their age: Subjective age across the lifespan. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(5), 776–780. doi:10.3758/BF03193996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibt, B., & Förster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 38–56. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y., Caudroit, J., & Chalabaev, A. (2011). Subjective health and memory self-efficacy as mediators in the relation between subjective age and life satisfaction among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 15(4), 428–436. doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.536138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y., Chalabaev, A., Kotter-Grühn, D., & Jaconelli, A. (2013). “Feeling younger, being stronger”: An experimental study of subjective age and physical functioning among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(1), 1–7. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y., Caudroit, J., Jaconelli, A., & Terracciano, A. (2014). Subjective age and cognitive functioning: A 10-year prospective study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(11), 1180–1187. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Caudroit, J., & Terracciano, A. (2015). Subjective age and changes in memory in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(4), 675–683. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh-Manoux, A., Kivimaki, M., Glymour, M. M., Elbaz, A., Berr, C., Ebmeier, K. P., … Dugravot, A. (2012). Timing of onset of cognitive decline: Results from Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ, 344(4), d7622. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7622.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schafer, M. H., & Shippee, T. P. (2010). Age identity, gender, and perceptions of decline: Does feeling older lead to pessimistic dispositions about cognitive aging? Journals of Gerontology, 65B(1), 91–96. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp046.
   Google Scholar
• Sangha, O., Stucki, G., Liang, M. H., Fossel, A. H., & Katz, J. N. (2003). The self‐administered comorbidity questionnaire: A new method to assess comorbidity for clinical and health services research. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 49(2), 156–163. doi:10.1002/art.10993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teuscher, U. (2009). Subjective age bias: A motivational and information processing approach. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 33(1), 22–31. doi:10.1177/0165025408099487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), 245–271. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerhof, G. J., & Barrett, A. E. (2005). Age identity and subjective well-being: A comparison of the United States and Germany. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(3), S129–S136. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.3.S129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, D., & Lang, F. R. (2012). “They” are old but “I” feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age. Psychology and Aging, 27(1), 153–163. doi:10.1037/a0024887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, P. P. (2016). Feeling younger: An effective way of promoting successful aging. Unpublished master thesis, Chongqing: Southwest University.
   Google Scholar
• Zahodne, L. B., Manly, J. J., MacKay-Brandt, A., & Stern, Y. (2013). Cognitive declines precede and predict functional declines in aging and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 8(9), e73645. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar