Does lifestyle matter? Individual lifestyle factors and their additive effects associated with cognitive function in older men and women

References

• Agahi, N., & Parker, M. G. (2005). Are today's older people more active than their predecessors? Participation in leisure-time activities in Sweden in 1992 and 2002. Ageing and Society, 25(6), 925–941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S.-T., Chow, P. K., Song, Y.-Q., Edwin, C., Chan, A. C., Lee, T. M., & Lam, J. H. (2014). Mental and physical activities delay cognitive decline in older persons with dementia. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(1), 63–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherbuin, N., Kim, S., & Anstey, K. J. (2015). Dementia risk estimates associated with measures of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 5(12), e008853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, K.-L. (2008). The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in Hong Kong Chinese older adults. Journal of aging and health.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, L. W., Ng, K. H., Law, A. C., Lee, A. M., & Kwan, F. (2015). Validity of the Cantonese Chinese Montreal Cognitive A ssessment in Southern Chinese. Geriatrics & gerontology international, 15(1), 96–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare, L., Wu, Y.-T., Teale, J. C., MacLeod, C., Matthews, F., Brayne, C., … team, C.-W. s. (2017). Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: A cross-sectional study. PLoS medicine, 14(3), e1002259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crooks, V. C., Lubben, J., Petitti, D. B., Little, D., & Chiu, V. (2008). Social network, cognitive function, and dementia incidence among elderly women. American Journal of Public Health, 98(7), 1221–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyarto, E. V., Dow, B., Vrantsidis, F., & Meyer, C. (2013). Promoting healthy ageing: Development of the healthy ageing quiz. Australasian journal on ageing, 32(1), 15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. (2011). Action Plan to Reduce Alcohol-related Harm in Hong Kong. Retrieved Jan 1st 2014 from https://www.change4health.gov.hk/filemanager/common/image/strategic_framework/alcohol_action_plan/action_plan_e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. (2014). The Food Pyramid – A Guide to a Balanced Diet. Retrieved Jan 1st 2014 from https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/90017.html.
   Google Scholar
• Di Marco, L. Y., Marzo, A., Muñoz-Ruiz, M., Ikram, M. A., Kivipelto, M., Ruefenacht, D., … Ventikos, Y. A. (2014). Modifiable lifestyle factors in dementia: a systematic review of longitudinal observational cohort studies. Journal of Alzheimer's disease, 42(1), 119–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, X., Li, Y., & Simon, M. A. (2014). Social engagement among US Chinese older adults—findings from the PINE Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 69(Suppl 2), S82–S89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elderly Commission. (2006, October 17). Study on prevalence of dementia. Retrieved June 2018, from http://www.elderlycommission.gov.hk/en/meeting/47.html.
   Google Scholar
• Elwood, P., Galante, J., Pickering, J., Palmer, S., Bayer, A., Ben-Shlomo, Y., … Gallacher, J. (2013). Healthy lifestyles reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and dementia: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort study. PloS One, 8(12), e81877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004). An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. The Lancet Neurology, 3(6), 343–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glisky, E. L. (2007). Changes in cognitive function in human aging. Brain aging: models, methods, and mechanisms, 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Guindon, G. E., & Boisclair, D. (2003). Past, current and future trends in tobacco use. Tobacco Control. Washington DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Julayanont, P., & Nasreddine, Z. S. (2017). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): concept and clinical review. In A. J. Larner (ed.), Cognitive screening instruments (pp. 139–195). London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Karp, A., Paillard-Borg, S., Wang, H.-X., Silverstein, M., Winblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2006). Mental, physical and social components in leisure activities equally contribute to decrease dementia risk. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 21(2), 65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, L. C., Ong, P. A., Dikot, Y., Sofiatin, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, M., … Yusoff, S. (2015). Intellectual and physical activities, but not social activities, are associated with better global cognition: a multi-site evaluation of the cognition and lifestyle activity study for seniors in Asia (CLASSA). Age and Ageing, 44(5), 835–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Lindsay, J., MacPherson, K., & Rockwood, K. (2001). Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Archives of neurology, 58(3), 498–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T., Wong, G. H., Luo, H., Tang, J. Y., Xu, J., Choy, J. C., & Lum, T. Y. (2017). Everyday cognitive functioning and global cognitive performance are differentially associated with physical frailty and chronological age in older Chinese men and women. Aging Ment Health, 1–6. doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1320700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., … Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–2734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, K., McFall, G., Andrews, S., Anstey, K., & Dixon, R. (2017). Memory Resilience to Alzheimer's Genetic Risk: Sex Effects in Predictor Profiles. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 72(6), 937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, O., Charlesworth, G., Hogervorst, E., Stoner, C., Moniz-Cook, E., Spector, A., … Orrell, M. (2018). Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia: a synthesis of systematic reviews. Aging & mental health, 1–11. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1423031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menec, V. H. (2003). The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: A 6-year longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(2), S74–S82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley, J. E., Malmstrom, T., & Miller, D. (2012). A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 16(7), 601–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., … Laatikainen, T. (2015). A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9984), 2255–2263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, M., Bryce, R., & Ferri, C. (2011). World Alzheimer Report 2011: The benefits of early diagnosis and intervention. Alzheimer's Disease International.
   Google Scholar
• Psaltopoulou, T., Sergentanis, T. N., Panagiotakos, D. B., Sergentanis, I. N., Kosti, R., & Scarmeas, N. (2013). Mediterranean diet, stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression: a meta‐analysis. Annals of neurology, 74(4), 580–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, E., Andrieu, S., Solomon, A., Mangialasche, F., Ahtiluoto, S., van Charante, E. P. M., … Vellas, B. (2012). Methodological challenges in designing dementia prevention trials—the European Dementia Prevention Initiative (EDPI). Journal of the neurological sciences, 322(1-2), 64–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, B., Parsaik, A. K., Mielke, M. M., Erwin, P. J., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., & Roberts, R. O. (2014). Association of mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's disease, 39(2), 271–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, Y. (2012). Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet Neurology, 11(11), 1006–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeting, A. E. (1990). Education in Hong Kong, pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and opinion (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Charante, E. P. M., Richard, E., Eurelings, L. S., van Dalen, J.-W., Ligthart, S. A., Van Bussel, E. F., … van Gool, W. A. (2016). Effectiveness of a 6-year multidomain vascular care intervention to prevent dementia (preDIVA): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 388(10046), 797–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilsnack, R. W., Vogeltanz, N. D., Wilsnack, S. C., & Harris, T. R. (2000). Gender differences in alcohol consumption and adverse drinking consequences: cross‐cultural patterns. Addiction, 95(2), 251–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, A., Law, L. S., Liu, W., Wang, Z., Lo, E. S., Lau, A., … Mok, V. C. (2015). Montreal Cognitive Assessment: one cutoff never fits all. Stroke, 46(12), 3547–3550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, J., Angevaren, M., Rusted, J., & Tabet, N. (2015). Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, CD005381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar