Arousal changes and delirium in acute medically-ill male older patients with and without dementia: a prospective study during hospitalization

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Text rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Avelino-Silva, T. J., Campora, F., Curiati, J. A., & Jacob-Filho, W. (2017). Association between delirium superimposed on dementia and mortality in hospitalized older adults: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 14(3), e1002264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman, D., & Rabins, P. (2006). “Sundowning" and other temporally associated agitation states in dementia patients. Annual Review of Medicine, 57(1), 499–511.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bail, K., Goss, J., Draper, B., Berry, H., Karmel, R., & Gibson, D. (2015). The cost of hospital-acquired complications for older people with and without dementia; A retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 91. doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-0743-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellelli, G., Mazzone, A., Morandi, A., Latronico, N., Perego, S., Zazzetta, S., … Annoni, G. (2016). The effect of an impaired arousal on short- and long-term mortality of elderly patients admitted to an Acute Geriatric Unit. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17(3), 214–219. Mar 1 doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, J., Aronow, H. U., Bolton, L. B., Choi, J., Bresee, C., & Braunstein, G. D. (2013). Early recognition of risk factors for adverse outcomes during hospitalization among Medicare patients: a prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 13, 72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, L. E., Goldberg, S. E., Lewis, S. A., Whittamore, K., Gladman, J. R., Jones, R. G., & Harwood, R. H. (2013). Six-month outcomes following an emergency hospital admission for older adults with co-morbid mental health problems indicate complexity of care needs. Age and Ageing, 42(5), 582–588. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, R., Dyer, A., Nabeel, S., Collins, R., Doherty, J., Coughlan, T., … Kennelly, S. P. (2017). Dementia in the acute hospital: The prevalence and clinical outcomes of acutely unwell patients with dementia. QJM, 110(1), 33–37. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcw114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L., & MacKenzie, C. R. (1987). A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40(5), 373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chester, J. G., Beth Harrington, M., & Rudolph, J. L., VA Delirium Working Group. (2012). Serial administration of a modified Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale for delirium screening. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 7(5), 450–453. May-Jun doi: 10.1002/jhm.1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, A., Gaehl, E., Martin, H., Morris, J., & Purandare, N. (2011). Underdiagnosis of dementia in primary care: Variations in the observed prevalence and comparisons to the expected prevalence. Aging Ment Health, 15(8), 978–984. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.596805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowther, G. J., Bennett, M. I., & Holmes, J. D. (2017). How well are the diagnosis and symptoms of dementia recorded in older patients admitted to hospital? Age and Ageing, 46(1), 112–118. 10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. H. J., Skelly, D. T., Murray, C., Hennessy, E., Bowen, J., Norton, S., … Cunningham, C. (2015). Worsening cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative pathology progressively increase risk for delirium. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(4), 403–415. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gelder, J., Lucke, J. A., Heim, N., de Craen, A. J., Lourens, S. D., Steyerberg, E. W., … Mooijaart, S. P. (2016). Predicting mortality in acutely hospitalized older patients: A retrospective cohort study. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 11(4), 587–594. doi: 10.1007/s11739-015-1381-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dev, S. I., Moore, R. C., Soontornniyomkij, B., Achim, C. L., Jeste, D. V., & Eyler, L. T. (2017). Peripheral inflammation related to lower fMRI activation during a working memory task and resting functional connectivity among older adults: A preliminary study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(3), 341–349. doi: 10.1002/gps.4482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Delirium Association; American Delirium Society (2014). The DSM-5 criteria, level of arousal and delirium diagnosis: Inclusiveness is safer. BMC Medicine, 12, 141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogg, C., Meredith, P., Bridges, J., Gould, G. P., & Griffiths, P. (2017). The relationship between cognitive impairment, mortality and discharge characteristics in a large cohort of older adults with unscheduled admissions to an acute hospital: A retrospective observational study. Age Ageing, 46, 794–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, T. G., Jones, R. N., Shi, P., Marcantonio, E. R., Yap, L., Rudolph, J. L., … Inouye, S. K. (2009). Delirium accelerates cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 72(18), 1570–1575. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a4129a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J. H., Vasilevskis, E. E., Shintani, A., Graves, A. J., Schnelle, J. F., Dittus, R. S., … Ely, E. W. (2014). Impaired arousal at initial presentation predicts 6-month mortality: An analysis of 1084 acutely ill older patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 9(12), 772–778. doi: 10.1002/jhm.2276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J. H., Vasilevskis, E. E., Schnelle, J. F., Shintani, A., Dittus, R. S., Wilson, A., & Ely, E. W. (2015). The diagnostic performance of the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale for detecting delirium in Older Emergency Department Patients. Academic Emergency Medicine, 22(7), 878–882. Juldoi: 10.1111/acem.12706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, J. K., Fearon, P., Noel-Storr, A. H., McShane, R., Stott, D. J., & Quinn, T. J. (2015). Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within a secondary care setting. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD010772. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010772.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye, S. K., van Dyck, C. H., Alessi, C. A., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. P., & Horwitz, R. I. (1990). Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(12), 941–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F. (1994). A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development and cross-validation. Psychological Medicine, 24(01), 145–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorm, A. F. (1995). Erratum in: A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development and cross-validation. Psychological Medicine, 25(2), 437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick, D. M., Agostini, J. V., & Inouye, S. K. (2002). Delirium superimposed on dementia: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(10), 1723–1732. Oct
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landreville, P., Voyer, P., & Carmichael, P. H. (2013). Relationship between delirium and behavioral symptoms of dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(4), 635–643. Apr
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, S. J., Brown, K. F., Ames, D., & Vincent, C. (2013). What is known about adverse events in older medical hospital inpatients? A systematic review of the literature. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 25(5), 542–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Functional Evaluation: The Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morandi, A., Davis, D., Bellelli, G., Arora, R. C., Caplan, G. A., Kamholz, B., … Rudolph, J. L. (2017). The diagnosis of delirium superimposed on dementia: An emerging challenge. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(1), 12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukadam, N., & Sampson, E. L. (2011). A systematic review of the prevalence, associations and outcomes of dementia in older general hospital inpatients. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(03), 344–355. doi: 10.1017/S1041610210001717
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Audit Office. (2016). Discharging older patients from hospital. 26 May 2016. Retrieved from https://www.nao.org.uk/
   Google Scholar
• Pieralli, F., Vannucchi, V., Mancini, A., Grazzini, M., Paolacci, G., Morettini, A., & Nozzoli, C. (2014). Delirium is a predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 9(2), 195–200. doi: 10.1007/s11739-013-0991-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., de Leon, M. J., & Crook, T. (1982). The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(9), 1136–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, E. L., Blanchard, M. R., Jones, L., Tookman, A., & King, M. (2009). Dementia in the acute hospital: Prospective cohort study of prevalence and mortality. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(01), 61–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sampson, E. L., Leurent, B., Blanchard, M. R., Jones, L., & King, M. (2013). Survival of people with dementia after unplanned acute hospital admission: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(10), 1015–1022. doi: 10.1002/gps.3919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessler, C. N., Gosnell, M. S., Grap, M. J., Brophy, G. M., O'Neal, P. V., Keane, K. A., … Elswick, R. K. (2002). The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166(10), 1338–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehabi, Y., Bellomo, R., Reade, M. C., Bailey, M., Bass, F., Howe, B., … Weisbrodt, L. (2012). Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 186(8), 724–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slats, D., Claassen, J. A., Verbeek, M. M., & Overeem, S. (2013). Reciprocal interactions between sleep, circadian rhythms and Alzheimer's disease: Focus on the role of hypocretin and melatonin. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(1), 188–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sourdet, S., Lafont, C., Rolland, Y., Nourhashemi, F., Andrieu, S., & Vellas, B. (2015). Preventable iatrogenic disability in elderly patients during hospitalization. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(8), 674–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieges, Z., McGrath, A., Hall, R. J., & Maclullich, A. M. (2013). Abnormal level of arousal as a predictor of delirium and inattention: An exploratory study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(12), 1244–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons, S., Manning, E., Barrett, A., Brady, N. M., Browne, V., O’Shea, E., … Linehan, J. G. (2015). Dementia in older people admitted to hospital: A regional multi-hospital observational study of prevalence, associations and case recognition. Age Ageing, 44(6), 993–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers, C., Byrne, G. J., Pachana, N. A., Klein, K., & Gray, L. C. (2014a). Prospective observational study of dementia in older patients admitted to acute hospitals. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 33(1), 55–58. doi: 10.1111/ajag.12021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers, C., Byrne, G. J., Pachana, N. A., Klein, K., & Gray, L. C. (2014b). Erratum in: Prospective observational study of dementia in older patients admitted to acute hospitals. Australas J Ageing, 33(4), 295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkin, L., Blanchard, M. R., Tookman, A., & Sampson, E. L. (2012). Prospective cohort study of adverse events in older people admitted to the acute general hospital: Risk factors and the impact of dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(1), 76–82. Jan
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, J. W. S. (2017). The network model of delirium. Medical Hypotheses, 104, 80–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar