Psychiatric distress among aging decorated and non-decorated veterans: The role of impostorism and loneliness

References

• Ahern, J., Worthen, M., Masters, J., Lippman, S. A., Ozer, E. J., & Moos, R. (2015). The challenges of Afghanistan and Iraq veterans' transition from military to civilian life and approaches to reconnection. PLoS One, 10(7), e0128599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anestis, M. D., Khazem, L. R., Mohn, R. S., & Green, B. A. (2015). Testing the main hypotheses of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior in a large diverse sample of United States military personnel. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60, 78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• August, K. J., Rook, K. S., & Newsom, J. T. (2007). The joint effects of life stress and negative social exchanges on emotional distress. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 62(5), S304–S314.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, C. C., Clark, E. M., Ross, M. J., & Taylor, M. J. (2009). Impostorism as a mediator between survivor guilt and depression in a sample of African American college students. College Student Journal, 43(4), 1094–1109.
   Google Scholar
• Barrow, J. M. (2018). Impostorism: An evolutionary concept analysis. Nursing Forum, Advanced Online Publication. doi:10.1111/nuf.12305
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Tzedef, E. (2017). Decorations and citations of merit in the IDF as a resource. In M. Bronstein (Ed.), The October 1973's unlikely victory: Inconvenient truths from the October 1973 Yom Kippur War (pp. 544–571). Ramat Gan, Israel: Sridut.
   Google Scholar
• Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., … Lackner, K. J. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner, E., Hoffman, Y., Palgi, Y., & Shrira, A. (2018). A light in a sea of darkness: the moderating role of emotional complexity in the PTSD symptoms-successful aging association. Aging & Mental Health, 22(6), 826–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Garnett, R., & Andrews, B. (2011). Trauma, identity and mental health in UK military veterans. Psychological Medicine, 41(8), 1733–1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, M. S., & Fulton, L. (2010). Evidence of poorer life-course mental health outcomes among veterans of the Korean War cohort. Aging & Mental Health, 14(2), 177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2012). The phenotype of loneliness. European Journal of Developmental Psycholology, 9(4), 446–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018). Loneliness in the modern age: An Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 127–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends Cognitive Science, 13(10), 447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010). Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychol Aging, 25(2), 453–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Reis, H. T., & Zautra, A. J. (2011). Social resilience: The value of social fitness with an application to the military. American Psychologist, 66(1), 43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, P. J. (2011). When Johnny and Jane come marching home: How all of us can help veterans. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
   Google Scholar
• Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 383–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrisman, S. M., Pieper, W., Clance, P. R., Holland, C., & Glickauf-Hughes, C. (1995). Validation of the clance imposter phenomenon scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 456–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Perach, R. (2015). Interventions for alleviating loneliness among older persons: a critical review. American Journal of Health Promotion, 29(3), e109–e125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison, E. H., Kaiser, A. P., Spiro, A., III, Moye, J., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (2016). From late-onset stress symptomatology to later-adulthood trauma reengagement in aging combat veterans: Taking a broader view. The Gerontologist, 56(1), 14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekel, R., Solomon, Z., Elklit, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2004). World assumptions and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(4), 407–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop, W. L., & Walker, L. J. (2013). The personality profile of brave exemplars: A person-centered analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(4), 380–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykstra, P. A. (1993). The differential availability of relationships and the provision and effectiveness of support to older adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(3), 355–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efrati, E. (2011). Social and cultural construction of military heroism, by awarding valor decorations, in the Israeli society and the Israeli army. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H., & Erikson, J. M. (1998). The life cycle completed (extended version). New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira-Alves, J., Magalhães, P., Viola, L., & Simoes, R. (2014). Loneliness in middle and old age: Demographics, perceived health, and social satisfaction as predictors. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59(3), 613–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry, P. S., & Debats, D. L. (2002). Self-efficacy beliefs as predictors of loneliness and psychological distress in older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 55(3), 233–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel, R. A. (1988). No more heroes: Madness and psychiatry in war. New York, NY: Hill and Wang.
   Google Scholar
• Gal, R. (1986). A portrait of the Israeli Soldier. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gal, R. (1987). Combat stress as an opportunity: The case of heroism. In G. Belenky (Ed.), Contemporary studies in combat psychiatry (pp. 31–46). Westport, CT: Green Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gal, R., & Gabriel, R. A. (1982). Battlefield heroism in the Israeli Defense Force. International Social Science Review, 57, 232–235.
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner, C., Geldenhuys, G., & Gott, M. (2018). Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(2), 147–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavriely‐Nuri, D. (2009). ‘It is not the heroes who need this, but the nation’–the latent power of military decorations in Israel, 1948–2005. Journal of Power, 2(3), 403–421.
   Google Scholar
• Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., & Neria, Y. (2003). Battlefield functioning and chronic PTSD: associations with perceived self efficacy and causal attribution. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00066-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotesky, R. (1965). Aloneness, loneliness, isolation, solitude. In J. M. Edie (Ed.), An Invitation to Phenomenology (pp. 211–239). Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hagan, R., Manktelow, R., Taylor, B. J., & Mallett, J. (2014). Reducing loneliness amongst older people: a systematic search and narrative review. Aging & Mental Health, 18(6), 683–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 56(5), 258–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heylen, L. (2010). The older, the lonelier? Risk factors for social loneliness in old age. Ageing & Society, 30(7), 1177–1196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. The American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W. (2010). Once a warrior always a warrior: Navigating the transition from combat to home, including combat stress, PTSD, and mTBI. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Castro, C., A., Messer, S., C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A., King, D. W., Vickers, K., Davison, E. H., & Spiro, A. III (2007). Assessing late-onset stress symptomatology among aging male combat veterans. Aging & Mental Health, 11(2), 175–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraaij, V., Arensman, E., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Negative life events and depression in elderly persons: A meta-analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 57(1), P87–P94.
   Google Scholar
• Kuwert, P., Knaevelsrud, C., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014). Loneliness among older veterans in the United States: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(6), 564–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwang, T., & Swann Jr, W. B. (2010). Do people embrace praise even when they feel unworthy? A review of critical tests of self-enhancement versus self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 263–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law of Decorations for the IDF. (1970). Law of Decorations for the IDF, Book of Laws, 581 Cong. Rec. 18-20.
   Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Patton, K. M., Orlando, A. E., & Wagoner Funk, W. (2000). The impostor phenomenon: Self‐perceptions, reflected appraisals, and interpersonal strategies. Journal of Personality, 68(4), 725–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine, 74(6), 907–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnano, P., Paolillo, A., Platania, S., & Santisi, G. (2017). Courage as a potential mediator between personality and coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 13–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahalik, J. R., Good, G. E., & Englar-Carlson, M. (2003). Masculinity scripts, presenting concerns, and help seeking: Implications for practice and training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(2), 123–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. C., & Hartley, S. L. (2017). Lonely, Stressed, and Depressed: The Impact of Isolation on US Veterans. Military Behavioral Health, 5(4), 384–392.
   Google Scholar
• Masi, C. M., Chen, H. Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matt, G. E., & Dean, A. (1993). Social support from friends and psychological distress among elderly persons: Moderator effects of age. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34(3), 187–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, W. C., Boyd, N. G., & Bowler, W. M. (2007). Overreward and the impostor phenomenon. Journal of Managerial Issues, 19, 95–110.
   Google Scholar
• McElwee, R., & Yurak, T. J. (2010). The phenomenology of the impostor phenomenon. Individual Differences Research, 8(3), 184–197.
   Google Scholar
• Michalopoulou, L. E., Welsh, J. A., Perkins, D. F., & Ormsby, L. (2017). Stigma and mental health service utilization in military personnel: A review of the literature. Military Behavioral Health, 5(1), 12–25.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, R. K. (2006). Troubled hero: A Medal of Honor, Vietnam, and the war at home. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neria, Y., Solomon, Z., Ginzburg, K., & Dekel, R. (2000). Sensation seeking, wartime performance, and long-term adjustment among Israeli war veterans. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(5), 921–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00243-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, C., Ayis, S., & Ebrahim, S. (2006). Psychological distress, loneliness and disability in old age. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(2), 221–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal Relationships, 3, 31–56.
   Google Scholar
• Peteet, B. J., Brown, C. M., Lige, Q. M., & Lanaway, D. A. (2015). Impostorism is associated with greater psychological distress and lower self-esteem for African American students. Current Psychology, 34(1), 154–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., … Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 10(2), 250–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell, D. W., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakulku, J. (2011). The impostor phenomenon. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 6(1), 75–97.
   Google Scholar
• Segel-Karpas, D., Ayalon, L., & Lachman, M. E. (2018). Loneliness and depressive symptoms: the moderating role of the transition into retirement. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology, 30(4), 377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z., Bensimon, M., Greene, T., Horesh, D., & Ein-Dor, T. (2015). Loneliness trajectories: The role of posttraumatic symptoms and social support. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(1), 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnak, C., & Towell, T. (2001). The impostor phenomenon in British university students: Relationships between self-esteem, mental health, parental rearing style and socioeconomic status. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), 863–874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiro III, A., Settersten, R. A., & Aldwin, C. M. (2016). Long-term outcomes of military service in aging and the life course: A positive re-envisioning. The Gerontologist, 56(1), 5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, J. Y. (2017). The meaning of "loneliness" for traumatized veterans: A semiotic investigation of veterans' written narratives. Journal of Veterans Studies, 2(2), 121. No pagination.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, J. Y. (2018). The veteran's loneliness: Emergence, facets and implications for intervention. In L. Rudolf (Ed.), Psychology of loneliness: New research (pp. 1–36). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, J. Y., & Solomon, Z. (Under review). Decorated veterans' attitudes towards their decorations of valor: A qualitative investigation.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, J. Y., & Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2015). Loneliness and isolation in life-stories of Israeli veterans of combat and captivity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(2), 122–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, J. Y., & Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2015). The social construction of loneliness: An integrative conceptualization. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 28(3), 210–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stickley, A., & Koyanagi, A. (2016). Loneliness, common mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from a general population survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, A. R., Marsh, H. E., Forsberg, C. W., Nicolaidis, C., Chen, J. I., Newsom, J., … Dobscha, S. K. (2018). Loneliness is closely associated with depression outcomes and suicidal ideation among military veterans in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 230, 42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therrien, Z., & Hunsley, J. (2012). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: A systematic review of commonly used measures. Aging & Mental Health, 16(1), 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillich, P. (2000/1952). The courage to be (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2007). Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 845–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, L. J., Frimer, J. A., & Dunlop, W. L. (2010). Varieties of moral personality: Beyond the banality of heroism. Journal of Personality, 78(3), 907–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wansink, B., Payne, C. R., & Van Ittersum, K. (2008). Profiling the heroic leader: Empirical lessons from combat-decorated veterans of World War II. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 547–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, R. S. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In Z. Rubin (Ed.), Doing unto others (pp. 17–26). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, M. S., & Burr, J. A. (2016). Combat exposure, social relationships, and subjective well-being among middle-aged and older Veterans. Aging & Mental Health, 20(6), 637–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar