Somatic and anxiety symptoms of depression are associated with disability in late life depression

References

• Beekman, A. T. F., de Beurs, E., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Deeg, D. J. H., van Dyck, R., & van Tilburg, W. (2000). Anxiety and depression in later life: Co-occurrence and communality of risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(1), 89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (revised 4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, L. C., Abou, J. J., Simen, A. A., & Gill, T. M. (2012). Under-treatment of depression in older persons. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 789–796. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, M. K., Schmidt, C. T., Pedersen, M. M., Bean, J. F., & Jette, A. M. (2014). Psychometric properties of the late-life function and disability instrument: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics, 14(1), 12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blazer, D. G. (2003). Depression in late life: Review and commentary. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 58(3), M249–M265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burroughs, H., Lovell, K., Morley, M., Baldwin, R., Burns, A., & Chew, G., C. (2006). ‘Justifiable depression’: how primary care professionals and patients view late-life depression? A qualitative study. Family Practice, 23(3), 369–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carragher, N., Adamson, G., Bunting, B., & McCann, S. (2009). Subtypes of depression in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113(1–2), 88–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L.-S., Eaton, W. W., Gallo, J. J., & Nestadt, G. (2000). Understanding the heterogeneity of depression through the triad of symptoms, course and risk factors: a longitudinal, population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59(1), 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creavin, S. T., Wisniewski, S., Noel‐Storr, A. H., Trevelyan, C. M., Hampton, T., Rayment, D., … Cullum, S. (2016). Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011145.pub2. Article ID: CD011145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, patient edition. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute. Retrieved from
   Google Scholar
• Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2014). Optimism and death: Predicting the course and consequences of depression trajectories in response to heart attack. Psychological Science, 25(12), 2177–2188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, R., Verma, S., & Mossey, J. (2000). Chronic pain. Sources of late-life pain and risk factors for disability. Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland), 55(9), 40–44.
   Google Scholar
• Geerlings, S. W., Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., & Van Tilburg, W. (2000). Physical health and the onset and persistence of depression in older adults: an eight-wave prospective community-based study. Psychological Medicine, 30(2), 369–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, C. E., O'Hara, R., Goldstein, M. K., & Beaudreau, S. A. (2016). Multimorbidity is associated with anxiety in older adults in the Health and Retirement Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(10), 1105–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groll, D. L., To, T., Bombardier, C., & Wright, J. G. (2005). The development of a comorbidity index with physical function as the outcome. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58(6), 595–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23(1), 56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegeman, J., Kok, R., Van der Mast, R., & Giltay, E. (2012). Phenomenology of depression in older compared with younger adults: meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 200(4), 275–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegeman, J. M., de Waal, M. W. M., Comijs, H. C., Kok, R. M., & van der Mast, R. C. (2015). Depression in later life: A more somatic presentation? Journal of Affective Disorders, 170, 196–202. (Supplement C), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp, J. F., Skidmore, E., Lotz, M., Lenze, E., Dew, M. A., & Reynolds, C. F. (2009). Use of the late‐life function and disability instrument to assess disability in major depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(9), 1612–1619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sampson, N. A., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L., … Wilcox, M. A. (2015). Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(3), 210–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenze, E. J., Rogers, J. C., Martire, L. M., Mulsant, B. H., Rollman, B. L., Dew, M. A., … Reynolds, C. F. (2001). The association of late-life depression and anxiety with physical disability: a review of the literature and prospectus for future research. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9(2), 113–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyness, J. M., Noel, T. K., Cox, C., King, D. A., Conwell, Y., & Caine, E. D. (1997). Screening for depression in elderly primary care patients: A comparison of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(4), 449–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marengoni, A., Angleman, S., Melis, R., Mangialasche, F., Karp, A., Garmen, A., … Fratiglioni, L. (2011). Aging with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature. Ageing Research Reviews, 10(4), 430–439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. J., Vaze, A., & Rao, S. (2009). Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 374(9690), 609–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, R. T., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Maccallum, F., & Bonanno, G. A. (2017). Do multiple health events reduce resilience when compared with single events? Health Psychology, 36(8), 721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, C. J., Lopez, A. D., World Health Organization, World Bank & Harvard School of Public Health. (1996). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020: summary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, J., Banerjee, S., Byng, R., Tylee, A., Bhugra, D., & Macdonald, A. (2006). Primary care professionals’ perceptions of depression in older people: a qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine, 63(5), 1363–1373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, N., Hull, C., & Bent, D. (2011). IBM statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS Version 20). Computer Software. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
   Google Scholar
• Ormel, J., Rijsdijk, F. V., Sullivan, M., Van Sonderen, E., & Kempen, G. I. (2002). Temporal and reciprocal relationship between IADL/ADL disability and depressive symptoms in late life. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(4), P338–P347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninx, B. W., Leveille, S., Ferrucci, L., van Eijk, J. T., & Guralnik, J. M. (1999). Exploring the effect of depression on physical disability: longitudinal evidence from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1346–1352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin, N. L., Yaffe, K., & Whooley, M. A. (2015). Depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease severity, and functional status in older adults with coronary heart disease: the heart and soul study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(1), 8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylee, A., & Gandhi, P. (2005). The importance of somatic symptoms in depression in primary care. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 7(4), 167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar