How do cat owners, dog owners and individuals without pets differ in terms of psychosocial outcomes among individuals in old age without a partner?

References

• Albert, A., & Bulcroft, K. (1988). Pets, families, and the life course. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(2), 543–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, M. R. B., & William, A. (2002). The effects of animal-assisted therapy on loneliness in an elderly population in long-term care facilities. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57A(7), M428–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batty, G. D. Z., Watt, P., Richard, G., & Bell, S. (2017). Associations of pet ownership with biomarkers of ageing: Population based cohort study. BMJ, 359, j5558.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck, L., & Madresh, E. (2008). Romantic partners and four-legged friends: An extension of attachment theory to relationships with pets. Anthrozoös, 21(1), 43–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, C., Gerry, L., Hayward, M., & Chandler, R. (2010). Expectations and illusions: A position paper on the relationship between mental health practitioners and social exclusion. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 17(5), 411–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds: II. Some principles of psychotherapy: The Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture (expanded version). British Journal of Psychiatry, 130(3), 201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branson, S., Boss, L., Cron, S., & Kang, D.-H. (2016). Examining differences between homebound older adult pet owners and non-pet owners in depression, systematic inflammation, and executive function. Anthrozoös, 29(2), 323–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branson, S. M., Boss, L., Cron, S., & Turner, D. C. (2017). Depression, loneliness, and pet attachment in homebound older adult cat and dog owners. Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences, 4(1), 38–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bude, H., & Lantermann, E.-D. (2006). Soziale exklusion und exklusionsempfinden. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift Für Soziologie Und Sozialpsychologie, 58(2), 233–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, C-K., & Kam, P. K. (2017). Conditions for pets to prevent depression in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 4(7), 1627–1633.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, V., Pierce, B., & Hosig, K. (2018). Dog ownership, physical activity, and health-related quality of life in veterinary students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 45(1), 51–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dall, P. M., Ellis, S. L. H., Ellis, B. M., Grant, P. M., Colyer, A., Gee, N. R., … Mills, D. S. (2017). The influence of dog ownership on objective measures of free-living physical activity and sedentary behaviour in community-dwelling older adults: A longitudinal case-controlled study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennis, C., Alamanos, E., Papagiannidis, S., & Bourlakis, M. (2016). Does social exclusion influence multiple channel use? The interconnections with community, happiness, and well-being. Journal of Business Research, 69(3), 1061–1070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enmarker, I., Hellzén, O., Ekker, K., & Berg, A.-G. T. (2015). Depression in older cat and dog owners: The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT)-3. Aging &Amp; Mental Health, 19(4), 347–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid, S., Luqman, M., Saleem, M. Z., Saad, A., Khan, W. A., Arshad, S., & Warraich, I. A. (2014). Social isolation within family: An analysis of old age citizens. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 4(9), 1300–1311.
   Google Scholar
• Feng, Z., Dibben, C., Witham, M. D., Donnan, P. T., Vadiveloo, T., Sniehotta, F., … McMurdo, M. E. T. (2014). Dog ownership and physical activity in later life: A cross-sectional observational study. Preventive Medicine, 66, 101–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierveld, J. D. J., & Kamphuls, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289–299.
   Google Scholar
• Gierveld, J. D. J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierveld, J. D. J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajek, A., Brettschneider, C., Lange, C., Posselt, T., Wiese, B., Steinmann, S., … König, H.-H. (2016). Gender differences in the effect of social support on health-related quality of life: Results of a population-based prospective cohort study in old age in Germany. Quality of Life Research, 25(5), 1159–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iecovich, E., Jacobs, J. M., & Stessman, J. (2011). Loneliness, social networks, and mortality: 18 years of follow-up. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 72(3), 243–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaus, D., & Engstler, H. (2016). Daten und methoden des deutschen alterssurveys. In K. Mahne, J. K. Wolff, J. Simonson & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Altern im wandel: Zwei Jahrzehnte Deutscher Alterssurvey (DEAS) (pp. 25–42). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr, D., Hillert, A., Schmitz, E., & Sosnowsky, N. (2008). Screening depressiver störungen mittels allgemeiner depressions-skala (ADS-K) und state-trait depressions scales (STDS-T) eine vergleichende evaluation von Cut-off-werten. Diagnostica, 54(2), 61–70.
   Google Scholar
• Lubben, J. E. (1988). Assessing social networks among elderly populations. Family & Community Health, 11(3), 42–52.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell, A. R., Brown, C. M., Shoda, T. M., Stayton, L. E., & Martin, C. E. (2011). Friends with benefits: On the positive consequences of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1239–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicholas, J., & Collis, G. (2000). Dogs as catalysts for social interactions: Robustness of the effect. British Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicholas, J., Gilbey, A., Rennie, A., Ahmedzai, S., Dono, J.-A., & Ormerod, E. (2005). Pet ownership and human health: A brief review of evidence and issues. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 331(7527), 1252–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neller, K. (2005). Kooperation und verweigerung. Eine non-response-studie. ZUMA Nachrichten, 29(57), 9–36.
   Google Scholar
• Oka, K., & Shibata, A. (2009). Dog ownership and health-related physical activity among Japanese adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(4), 412–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantell, M., Rehkopf, D., Jutte, D., Syme, S. L., Balmes, J., & Adler, N. (2013). Social isolation: A predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors. American Journal of Public Health, 103(11), 2056–2062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parslow, R. A. J., Anthony, F., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Jacomb, P. (2005). Pet Ownership and Health in Older Adults: Findings from a Survey of 2,551 Community-Based Australians Aged 60-64. Gerontology, 51(1), 40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1979). Blueprint for a social psychological theory of loneliness. In M. Cook & G. Wilson (Eds.), Love and attraction (pp. 99–108). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press New York.
   Google Scholar
• Pikhartova, J., Bowling, A., & Victor, C. (2014). Does owning a pet protect older people against loneliness? BMC Geriatrics, 14, 106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raina, P., Waltner-Toews, D., Bonnett, B., Woodward, C., & Abernathy, T. (1999). Influence of companion animals on the physical and psychological health of older people: An analysis of a one-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(3), 323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins, D., Sanders, C., & Cahill, S. (1991). Dogs and their people. Pet-facilitated interaction in a public setting. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 20(1), 3. p
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiel, S., Kerr, P., Dickmann, C., & Aust, F. (2015). Methodenbericht zur Durchführung der fünften Erhebungswelle 2014. Bonn, Germany: Infas Institut Für Angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata, A., Oka, K., Inoue, S., Christian, H., Kitabatake, Y., & Shimomitsu, T. (2012). Physical activity of Japanese older adults who own and walk dogs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(4), 429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, I. H. C., Bowen, Y., van Orden, C., & Kimberley, A. (2014). Pet ownership may attenuate loneliness among older adult primary care patients who live alone. Aging & Mental Health, 18(3), 394–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steed, L., Boldy, D., Grenade, L., & Iredell, H. (2007). Demographics of loneliness among older people in Perth, Western Australia. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 26(2), 81–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi, Y., Seino, S., Nishi, M., Tomine, Y., Tanaka, I., Yokoyama, Y., … Shinkai, H. (2018). Physical, social, and psychological characteristics of community-dwelling elderly Japanese dog and cat owners. PLoS One, 13(11), e0206399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor, C., Scambler, S., Bond, J., & Bowling, A. (2000). Being alone in later life: Loneliness, social isolation and living alone. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 10(4), 407–417.
   Google Scholar
• Victor, C. R., Scambler, S. J., Bowling, A., & Bond, J. (2005). The prevalence of, and risk factors for, loneliness in later life: A survey of older people in Great Britain. Ageing and Society, 25(6), 357–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, J. E., Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasenius, N. S., Laine, M. K., Savola, S., Simonen, M., Tiira, K., Lohi, H., … Salonen, M. K. (2018). Dog ownership from a life course perspective and leisure-time physical activity in late adulthood: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. American Journal of Health Behavior, 42(6), 11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, Y., & Rodi, H. (2000). Effects of pet ownership on the health and well-being of older people. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 19(3), 143–148.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, L., Giles-Corti, B., & Bulsara, M. (2005). The pet connection: Pets as a conduit for social capital? Social Science & Medicine, 61, 1159–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, L., Martin, K., Christian, H., Houghton, S., Kawachi, I., Vallesi, S., & McCune, S. (2017). Social capital and pet ownership – A tale of four cities. SSM - Population Health, 3, 442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yabroff, K. R., Troiano, R. P., & Berrigan, D. (2008). Walking the dog: Is pet ownership associated with physical activity in California? Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 5(2), 216–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar