Longitudinal analysis of the impact of loneliness on cognitive function over a 20-year follow-up

References

• Amieva, H., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Orgogozo, J.-M., Le Carret, N., Helmer, C., Letenneur, L., … Dartigues, J.-F. (2005). The 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: A prospective population-based study. Brain, 128(5), 1093–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., … Tibubos, A. N. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: Prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boss, L., Kang, D.-H., & Branson, S. (2015). Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(4), 541–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brayne, C., Spiegelhalter, D. J., Dufouil, C., Chi, L.-Y., Dening, T. R., Paykel, E. S., … Huppert, F. A. (1999). Estimating the true extent of cognitive decline in the old old. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(11), 1283–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brittain, K., Kingston, A., Davies, K., Collerton, J., Robinson, L. A., Kirkwood, T. B., … Jagger, C. (2017). An investigation into the patterns of loneliness and loss in the oldest old–Newcastle 85+ study. Ageing and Society, 37(1), 39–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived Social Isolation and Cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447–454. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752489/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Berntson, G. G., Ernst, J. M., Gibbs, A. C., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2002). Do lonely days invade the nights? Potential social modulation of sleep efficiency. Psychological Science, 13(4), 384–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, L., Agahi, N., & Lennartsson, C. (2018). Lonelier than ever? Loneliness of older people over two decades. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 75, 96–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., & Scogin, F. (2014). Social isolation and cognitive function in Appalachian older adults. Research on Aging, 36(2), 161–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufouil, C., Clayton, D., Brayne, C., Chi, L. Y., Dening, T. R., Paykel, E. S., … Huppert, F. A. (2000). Population norms for the MMSE in the very old: Estimates based on longitudinal data. Mini-Mental State Examination. Neurology, 55(11), 1609–1613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykstra, P. A. (2009). Older adult loneliness: Myths and realities. European Journal of Ageing, 6(2), 91. p
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fees, B. S., Martin, P., & Poon, L. W. (1999). A model of loneliness in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54(4), P231–P239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, J., Zhao, E., O'connor, D. W., Pollitt, P. A., Brayne, C., & Farquhar, M. (2007). Cohort profile: The Cambridge City over-75s Cohort (CC75C). International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(1), 40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2013). Age and time-to-death trajectories of change in indicators of cognitive, sensory, physical, health, social, and self-related functions. Developmental Psychology, 49(10), 1805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2013). Which social network or support factors are associated with cognitive abilities in old age? Gerontology, 59(5), 454–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L. C., & Kocherginsky, M. (2018). Transitions in loneliness among older adults: A 5-year follow-up in the national social life, health, and aging project. Research on Aging, 40(4), 365–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmén, K., Ericsson, K., & Winblad, B. (2000). Social and emotional loneliness among non-demented and demented elderly people. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 31(3), 177–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holwerda, T. J., Deeg, D. J., Beekman, A. T., van Tilburg, T. G., Stek, M. L., Jonker, C., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012). Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: Results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 85(2):135–42..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Fabrigoule, C., Commenges, D., & Dartigues, J.-F. (1997). A 5-year longitudinal study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in normal aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145(6), 498–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaremka, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., Glaser, R., Bennett, J. M., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2013). Loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: Understanding the role of immune dysregulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(8), 1310–1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M., Mishra, G. D., & Dobson, A. (2015). Analytical results in longitudinal studies depended on target of inference and assumed mechanism of attrition. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(10), 1165–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: John A. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Marioni, R. E., van den Hout, A., Valenzuela, M. J., Brayne, C., & Matthews, F. E. (2012). Active cognitive lifestyle associates with cognitive recovery and a reduced risk of cognitive decline. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 28(1), 223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P., Kliegel, M., Rott, C., Poon, L. W., & Johnson, M. A. (2008). Age differences and changes of coping behavior in three age groups: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66(2), 97–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, F., Marioni, R., & Brayne, C. (2012). Examining the influence of gender, education, social class and birth cohort on MMSE tracking over time: A population-based prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 12(1), 45. p
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyqvist, F., Nygård, M., & Scharf, T. (2018). Loneliness amongst older people in Europe: A comparative study of welfare regimes. European Journal of Ageing, 16(2) 133–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor, D. W., Pollitt, P. A., Hyde, J. B., Fellows, J. L., Miller, N. D., Brook, C. P. B., & Reiss, B. B. (1989). The reliability and validity of the mini-mental state in a British community survey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 23(1), 87–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’luanaigh, C., O’connell, H., Chin, A.-V., Hamilton, F., Coen, R., Walsh, C., … Lawlor, B. (2012). Loneliness and cognition in older people: The Dublin Healthy Ageing study. Aging & Mental Health, 16(3), 347–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal Relationships, 3, 31–56.
   Google Scholar
• Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2001). Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 245–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472. p
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt, M., Carpenter, J., Sterne, J. A. C., Carlin, J. B., Heron, J., Henderson, J., & Tilling, K. (2010). Strategies for Multiple Imputation in Longitudinal Studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172(4), 478–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrera, G. M., Matthews, F., & Brayne, C. (2008). A comparison of parametric models for the investigation of the shape of cognitive change in the older population. BMC Neurology, 8(1), 16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilvis, R. S., Kähönen-Väre, M. H., Jolkkonen, J., Valvanne, J., Pitkala, K. H., & Strandberg, T. E. (2004). Predictors of cognitive decline and mortality of aged people over a 10-year period. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59(3), M268–M274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor, C., Grenade, L., & Boldy, D. (2005). Measuring loneliness in later life: A comparison of differing measures. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 15(1), 63–70.
   Google Scholar
• Victor, C. R., & Bowling, A. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of loneliness among older people in Great Britain. The Journal of Psychology, 146(3), 313–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor, C. R., & Yang, K. (2012). The prevalence of loneliness among adults: a case study of the United Kingdom. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1–2), 85–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Humboldt, S., & Leal, I. (2015). The old and the oldest-old: Do they have different perspectives on adjustment to aging? International Journal of Gerontology, 9(3), 156–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenger, G. C., & Burholt, V. (2004). Changes in levels of social isolation and loneliness among older people in a rural area: A twenty–year longitudinal study. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 23(2), 115–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., … Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, S.-C. J., & Liu, Y.-Y. (2003). Influence of social support on cognitive function in the elderly. BMC Health Services Research, 3(1), 9. p
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, B.-L., Chen, S.-L., Tu, X., & Conwell, Y. (2017). Loneliness and cognitive function in older adults: Findings from the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(1), 120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar