Associations between physical health conditions and posttraumatic stress disorder according to age

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Atwoli, L., Platt, J., Basu, A., Williams, D. R., Stein, D. J., & Koenen, K. C. (2016). Associations between lifetime potentially traumatic events and chronic physical conditions in the South African Stress and Health Survey: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 214. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0929-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badley, E. M., Goulart, C. M., Millstone, D. B., & Perruccio, A. V. (2019). An update on arthritis in Canada – National and provincial data regarding the past, present, and future. The Journal of Rheumatology, 46(6), 579–586. doi:10.3899/jrheum.180147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1–34). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, U. E., Briss, P. A., Goodman, R. A., & Bowman, B. (2014). Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: Elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA. The Lancet, 384(9937), 45–52. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60648-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bienek, A. S., Gee, M. E., R. P. Kaczorowski, J, N., Campbell, N. R., Bancej, C,…Dai, S. (2013). Methodology of the 2009 Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada – hypertension component. Chronic Diseases and Injury in Canada, 33, 267–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boscarino, J. A. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness: Results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032(1), 141–153. doi:10.1196/annals.1314.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bown, D., Belli, A., Qureshi, K., Davies, D., Toman, E., & Upthegrove, R. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder and self-report outcomes after traumatic brain injury in victims of assault. PLoS One, 14(2), e0211684. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of the Census. (2013). American Community Survey, 2012. Suitland, MD: Bureau of the Census.
   Google Scholar
• Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2005). Broken down by work and sex. How our health declines. In D. A. Wise (Ed.), Analyses in the economics of aging (pp. 185-212). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration. A model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1068–1091. doi:10.1037/a0021232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. M., Lee, I. C., Su, Y. Y., Mullan, J., & Chiu, H. C. (2017). The longitudinal relationship between mental health disorder and chronic disease for older adults: A population-based study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(9), 1017–1026. doi:10.1002/gps.4561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cichoz-Lach, H., & Michalak, A. (2014). Oxidative stress as a crucial factor in liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20, 8082–8091. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i25.8082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, B. E., Edmondson, D., & Kronish, I. M. (2015). State of the art review: Depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Hypertension, 28(11), 1295–1302. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordova, M. J., Riba, M. B., & Spiegel, D. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder and cancer. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(4), 330–338. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30014-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, Y. G., Mc Kee, M., & Sherriff, M. (2012). A model of successful ageing in British populations. The European Journal of Public Health, 22(1), 71–76. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drossman, D. A., Creed, F. H., Olden, K. W., Svedlund, J., Toner, B. B., & Whitehead, W. E. (1999). Psychosocial aspects of the functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gut, 45, 25–30. doi:10.1136/gut.45.2008.ii25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Gabalawy, R., Blaney, C., Tsai, J., Sumner, J. A., & Pietzak, R. H. (2018). Physical health conditions associated with full and subthreshold PTSD in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 849–853. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Gabalawy, R., Mackenzie, C. S., Pietrzak, R. H., & Sareen, J. (2014). A longitudinal examination of anxiety disorders and physical health conditions in a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults. Experimental Gerontology, 60, 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Gabalawy, R., Mota, N., Sommer, J. L., & Edmondson, D. (2018). Prevalence of illness-induced posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(8), 783–785. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fait, K., Vilchinsky, N., Dekel, R., Levi, N., Hod, H., & Matetzky, S. (2018). Cardiac-disease-induced PTSD and fear of illness progression: Capturing the unique nature of disease-related PTSD. General Hospital Psychiatry, 53, 131–138. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, M., Flanagan, J., Barrett, E., Crome, E., Baillie, A. J., Mills, K. L., & Teesson, M. (2015). Smoking, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol use disorders in a nationally representative sample of Australian men and women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 176–183. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffey, A. E., Bergeman, C. S., Clark, L. A., & Wirth, M. M. (2016). Aging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 928–945. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvin, M., Gaffney, R., Corr, B., Mays, I., & Hardiman, O. (2017). From first symptoms to diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Perspectives of an Irish informal caregiver cohort-a thematic analysis. BMJ Open, 7(3), e014985. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, J. M., Saligan, L., Woods, S., & Page, G. (2009). PTSD is associated with an excess of inflammatory immune activities. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 45(4), 262–277. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00229.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Gündel, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2011). The association of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder with physical morbidity in old age: A German population-based study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(5), 401–406. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31821b47e8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey, K., Lindamer, L., Mostoufi, S., & Afari, N. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and health: A preliminary study of group differences in health and health behaviors. Annals of General Psychiatry, 12(1), 30. doi:0.1186/1744-859X-12-30 doi:10.1186/1744-859X-12-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Jung, J., Zhang, H., … Grant, B. F. (2016). The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from the. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(8), 1137–1148. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1208-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, B. F., Chu, A., Sigman, R., Amsbary, M., Kali, J., Sugawara, Y., …Goldstein, R. (2014). Source and accuracy statement: National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, B. F., Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Chou, S. P., … Hasin, D. S. (2015). The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): Reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 148, 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, I., Reistetter, T. A., Diaz-Venegas, C., Michaels-Obregon, A., & Wong, R. (2018). Cross-national health comparisons using the Rasch model: Findings from the 2012 US Health and Retirement Study and the 2012 Mexican Health and Aging Study. Quality of Life Research, 27(9), 2431–2441. doi:10.1007/s11136-018-1878-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob, L., Breuer, J., & Kostev, K. (2016). Prevalence of chronic diseases among older patients in German general practices. German Medical Science, 14, Doc03. doi:10.3205/000230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kangas, M., Henry, J. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(4), 499–524. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00118-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland, J. L. (2013). Translating advances from the basic biology of aging into clinical application. Experimental Gerontology, 48(1), 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokubo, Y., & Matsumoto, C. (2017). Hypertension is a risk factor for several types of heart disease: Review of prospective studies. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 956, 419–426. doi:10.1007/5584_2016_99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng, Y., Wainwright, N. W. J., Cappuccio, F. P., Surtees, P. G., Hayat, S., Luben, R., … Khaw, K.-T. (2016). Daytime napping and increased risk of incident respiratory diseases: Symptom, marker, or risk factor? Sleep Medicine, 23, 12–15. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, P., & Lemeshow, S. (1999). Sampling of Populations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C. S., Reynolds, K., Cairney, J., Streiner, D. L., & Sareen, J. (2012). Disorder-specific mental health service use for mood and anxiety disorders: Associations with age, sex, and psychiatric comorbidity. Depression and Anxiety, 29(3), 234–242. doi:10.1002/da.20911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B., & Wingfield, J. (2003). The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior, 23, 2–15. doi:10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00024-7
   Google Scholar
• Pacella, M., Hruska, B., & Delahanty, D. (2013). The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(1), 33–46. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R., Southwick, S., & Grant, B. F. (2011a). Medical comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in US adults: Results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(8), 697–707. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182303775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R., Goldstein, R., Southwick, S., & Grant, B. F. (2011b). Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial post-traumatic stress in the United States: Results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 456–465. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, M., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007). No health without mental health. The Lancet, 370(9590), 859–877. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirk, S. E., El-Gabalawy, R., Brennan, S. L., Bolton, J. M., Sareen, J., Berk, M., … Williams, L. J. (2015). Personality disorders and physical comorbidities in adults from the United States: Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(5), 807–820. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0974-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, K., Pietrzak, R. H., El-Gabalawy, R., Mackenzie, C. S., & Sareen, J. (2015). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in U.S. older adults: Findings from a nationally representative survey. World Psychiatry, 14(1), 74–81. doi:10.1002/wps.20193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, K., Pietrzak, R. H., Mackenzie, C. S., Chou, K. L., & Sareen, J. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder across the adult lifespan: Findings from a nationally representative survey. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(1), 81–93. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, K. C., Rao, D. P., Bennett, T. L., Loukine, L., & Jayaraman, G. C. (2015). Prevalence and patterns of chronic disease multimorbidity and associated determinants in Canada. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 35(6), 87–94. doi:10.24095/hpcdp.35.6.01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanghani, S. N., Marsh, A. N., John, M., Soman, A., Lopez, L. V., Young, Y. A., & Russ, M. J. (2017). Characteristics of patients involved in physical assault in an acute inpatient psychiatric setting. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 23(4), 260–269. doi:10.1097/PRA/0000000000000238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schult, T. M., Awosika, E. R., Hodgson, M. J., & Dyrenforth, S. (2011). Disparities in health behaviors and chronic conditions in health care providers in the Veterans Health Administration. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(10), 1134–1145. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31822b8379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seal, K. H., Bertenthal, D., Miner, C. R., Sen, S., & Marmar, C. (2007). Bringing the war back home: Mental health disorders among 103,788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veteran Affairs facilities. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(5), 476–482. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.5.476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sledjeski, E. M., Speisman, B., & Dierker, L. C. (2008). Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(4), 341–349. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9158-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M., Goldstein, R. B., & Grant, B. F. (2016). The association between post-traumatic stress disorder and lifetime DSM-5 psychiatric disorders among veterans: Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 82, 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, J. L., Mota, N., Edmondson, D., & El-Gabalawy, R. (2018). Comorbidity in illness-induced posttraumatic stress disorder versus posttraumatic stress disorder due to external events in a nationally representative study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 53, 88–94. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, J. L., Mota, N., & El-Gabalawy, R. (2018). Maladaptive eating in posttraumatic stress disorder: A population-based examination of typologies and medical condition correlates. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(5), 708–718. doi:10.1002/jts.22323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2015). Stata statistical software (Release 14). College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Sumner, J. A., Kubzansky, L. D., Roberts, A. L., Chen, Q., Rimm, E. B., & Koenen, K. C. (2019). Not all posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms are equal: Fear, dysphoria, and risk of developing hypertension in trauma-exposed women. Psychological Medicine, 4, 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0033291718003914
   Google Scholar
• Sumner, J. A., Kubzansky, L. D., Roberts, A. L., Gilsanz, P., Chen, Q., Winning, A., … Koenen, K. C. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and risk of hypertension over 22 years in a large cohort of younger and middle-aged women. Psychological Medicine, 46(15), 3105–3116. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot, L. S., Rao, M. N., Cohen, B. E., Richards, A., Inslicht, S. S., Oʼdonovan, A., … Neylan, T. C. (2015). Metabolic risk factors and posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of sleep in young, healthy adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(4), 383–391. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J., MacLean, M. B., & Van Til, L. (2011). Survey on transition to civilian life: Report on regular force veterans. Charlottetown, PEI: Veterans Affairs Canada, National Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, J., & Shen, J. (2017). Exploring the link between posttraumatic stress disorder and inflammation-related medical conditions: An epidemiological examination. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(4), 909–916. doi:10.1007/s11126-017-9508-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vere, C. C., Streba, C. T., Streba, L. M., Ionescu, A. G., & Sima, F. (2009). Psychological stress and liver disease status. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15(24), 2980–2986. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.2980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilchinsky, N., Ginzburg, K., Fait, K., & Foa, E. B. (2017). Cardiac-disease-induced PTSD (CDI-PTSD): A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 55, 92–106. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinshenker, B. G., Bass, B., Rice, G. P. A., Noseworthy, J., Carriere, W., Baskerville, J., & Ebers, G. C. (1989). The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study. Brain, 112(1), 133–146. doi:10.1093/brain/112.1.133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1992). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Yen, C.-M., Kuo, C.-L., Lin, M.-C., Lee, C.-F., Lin, K.-Y., Lin, C.-L., … Kao, C.-H. (2014). Sleep disorders increase the risk of osteoporosis: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Sleep Medicine, 15(11), 1339–1344. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar