The executive control correlate of loneliness in healthy older people

References

• Alexopoulos, G. S. (2003). Role of executive function in late-life depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64 (Suppl 14), 18–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersson, L. (1998). Loneliness research and interventions: A review of the literature. Journal Aging & Mental Health, 2(4), 264–274. doi:10.1080/13607869856506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz, R., & Steffens, D. C. (2013). What are the causes of late-life depression? Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36(4), 497–516. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., van Tilburg, T., Smit, J. H., Hooijer, C., & van Tilburg, W. (1995). Major and minor depression in later life: A study of prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 36(1–2), 65–75. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00061-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(8), 969–977. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, C. M., Papadopoulou, K., Ricciardelli, P., Rossor, M. N., & Cipolotti, L. (2004). Monitoring cognitive changes: Psychometric properties of six cognitive tests. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(Pt 2), 197–210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504323088051 doi:10.1348/014466504323088051
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black, D. S., Semple, R. J., Pokhrel, P., & Grenard, J. L. (2011). Component processes of executive function—mindfulness, self-control, and working memory—and their relationships with mental and behavioral health. Mindfulness, 2(3), 179–185. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0057-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blazer, D. G. (2003). Depression in late life: Review and commentary. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 58(3), M249–M265. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.3.M249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borys, S., & Perlman, D. (1985). Gender differences in loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11(1), 63–74. doi:10.1177/0146167285111006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boss, L., Kang, D.-H., & Branson, S. (2015). Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(4), 541–553. doi:10.1017/S1041610214002749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, L., Pfaff, D., Bolt, N., Hadjikyriacou, D., Silton, N., Kilgallen, C., … Allimant, J. (2010). Effects of gender and personality on the Conners Continuous Performance Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(1), 66–70. doi:10.1080/13803390902806568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249. doi:10.1177/1745691615570616
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447–454. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010). Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 453–463. doi:10.1037/a0017216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Norris, C. J., Decety, J., Monteleone, G., & Nusbaum, H. (2009). In the eye of the beholder: Individual differences in perceived social isolation predict regional brain activation to social stimuli. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(1), 83–92. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. W. W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, A. C. (1996). Clinical validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Chinese version. Journal of Aging and Health, 8(2), 238–253. doi:10.1177/089826439600800205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chantiluke, K., Halari, R., Simic, M., Pariante, C. M., Papadopoulos, A., Giampietro, V., & Rubia, K. (2012). Fronto-striato-cerebellar dysregulation in adolescents with depression during motivated attention. Biological Psychiatry, 71(1), 59–67. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L.-J., & Chung, S.-K. (2007). Loneliness, social connectedness, and family income among undergraduate females and males in Taiwan. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.10.1353
   Google Scholar
• Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48. doi:10.1177/002214650905000103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 12(8), 467–477. doi:10.1038/nrn3027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djukanović, I., Sorjonen, K., & Peterson, U. (2015). Association between depressive symptoms and age, sex, loneliness and treatment among older people in Sweden. Aging & Mental Health, 19(6), 560–568. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.962001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, N. J., Wu, Q., Rentz, D. M., Sperling, R. A., Marshall, G. A., & Glymour, M. M. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older U.S. adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(5), 564–573. doi:10.1002/gps.4495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, J., & Kovalik-Gran, I. (2010). Validity of the factor structure of Conners’ CPT. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13(4), 347–357. doi:10.1177/1087054709332477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epp, A. M., Dobson, K. S., Dozois, D. J. A., & Frewen, P. A. (2012). A systematic meta-analysis of the Stroop task in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 316–328. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, T. A., de Leon, C. M., Marottoli, R. A., & Berkman, L. F. (1999). Population based study of social and productive activities as predictors of survival among elderly Americans. BMJ, 319(7208), 478–483. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilhooly, K. J., Phillips, L. H., Wynn, V., Logie, R. H., & Sala, S. D. (1999). Planning processes and age in the five-disc Tower of London task. Thinking & Reasoning, 5(4), 339–361. doi:10.1080/135467899393977
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales, E., Matz-Costa, C., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2015). Increasing opportunities for the productive engagement of older adults: A response to population aging. The Gerontologist, 55(2), 252–261. doi:10.1093/geront/gnu176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010). Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 285–312. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses. Health Psychology, 28(3), 354–363. doi:10.1037/a0014400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerchner, G. A., Racine, C. A., Hale, S., Wilheim, R., Laluz, V., Miller, B. L., & Kramer, J. H. (2012). Cognitive processing speed in older adults: Relationship with white matter integrity. PLOS One., 7(11), e50425. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köstering, L., Schmidt, C. S. M., Egger, K., Amtage, F., Peter, J., Klöppel, S., … Kaller, C. P. (2015). Assessment of planning performance in clinical samples: Reliability and validity of the Tower of London task (TOL-F). Neuropsychologia, 75, 646–655. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremen, W. S., Jacobson, K. C., Panizzon, M. S., Xian, H., Eaves, L. J., Eisen, S. A., … Lyons, M. J. (2009). Factor structure of planning and problem-solving: A behavioral genetic analysis of the Tower of London task in middle-aged twins. Behavior Genetics, 39(2), 133–144. doi:10.1007/s10519-008-9242-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurlowicz, L., & Greenberg, S. A. (2007). The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). AJN the American Journal of Nursing, 107(10), 67. 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000292207.37066.2f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T., Yuen, K., & Chan, C. (2002). Normative data for neuropsychological measures of fluency, attention, and memory measures for Hong Kong Chinese. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(5), 615–632. doi:10.1076/jcen.24.5.615.1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladegaard, N., Larsen, E. R., Videbech, P., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014). Higher-order social cognition in first-episode major depression. Psychiatry Research, 216(1), 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layden, E. A., Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Cappa, S. F., Dodich, A., Falini, A., & Canessa, N. (2017). Perceived social isolation is associated with altered functional connectivity in neural networks associated with tonic alertness and executive control. NeuroImage, 145(Pt A), 58–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, M. S., & Miller, L. S. (2007). Executive control functioning and functional ability in older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(2), 274–285. doi:10.1080/13854040500519752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luanaigh, C. Ó., & Lawlor, B. A. (2008). Loneliness and the health of older people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(12), 1213–1221. doi:10.1002/gps.2054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciana, M., Collins, P. F., Olson, E. A., & Schissel, A. M. (2009). Tower of London Performance in Healthy Adolescents: The Development of Planning Skills and Associations With Self-Reported Inattention and Impulsivity. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(4), 461–475. doi:10.1080/87565640902964540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016). Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental Psychology, 52(6), 943–959. doi:10.1037/dev0000117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowd, J. M. (1997). Inhibition in attention and aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52B(6), P265–P273. doi:10.1093/geronb/52B.6.P265
   Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nici, J., & Hom, J. (2013). Comparability of the computerized Halstead Category Test with the original version. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(8), 824–828. doi:10.1093/arclin/act075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T. (2017). Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(4), 361–383. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olderbak, S., Wilhelm, O., Olaru, G., Geiger, M., Brenneman, M. W., & Roberts, R. D. (2015). A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: Toward a brief form for research and applied settings. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1503. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, L. H., Wynn, V. E., McPherson, S., & Gilhooly, K. J. (2001). Mental planning and the Tower of London task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54(2), 579–597. doi:10.1080/713755977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainville, C., Lepage, E., Gauthier, S., Kergoat, M.-J., & Belleville, S. (2012). Executive function deficits in persons with mild cognitive impairment: A study with a Tower of London task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(3), 306–324. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.639298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz, N., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2006). Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(6), 730–748. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, Z. I., Jose, P. E., York Cornwell, E., Koyanagi, A., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., Meilstrup, C., Madsen, K. R., & Koushede, V. (2020). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): A longitudinal mediation analysis. The Lancet. Public Health, 5(1), e62–e70. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30230-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeichel, B. J., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; Washington , 95(6), 1526–1540. http://dx.doi.org.eproxy.lib.hku.hk/10.1037/a0013345 doi:10.1037/a0013345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A., & Misra, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(1), 51–55. http://dx.doi.org.eproxy.lib.hku.hk/10.4103/0972-6748.57861 doi:10.4103/0972-6748.57861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams, P. G., Suchy, Y., & Rau, H. K. (2009). Individual differences in executive functioning: Implications for stress regulation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 126–140. http://dx.doi.org.eproxy.lib.hku.hk/10.1007/s12160-009-9100-0 doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9100-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., … Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234–240. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, L., Lipszyc, J., Dupuis, A., Thayapararajah, S. W., & Schachar, R. (2014). Response inhibition and psychopathology: A meta-analysis of go/no-go task performance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), 429–439. doi:10.1037/a0036295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z.-Q., Sun, L., Sun, Y.-H., Zhang, X.-J., Tao, F.-B., & Cui, G.-H. (2010). Correlation between loneliness and social relationship among empty nest elderly in Anhui rural area, China. Aging & Mental Health, 14(1), 108–112. doi:10.1080/13607860903228796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, D., Dong, X., Sun, H., Xu, Y., Ma, Y., & Wang, X. (2012). The overall impairment of core executive function components in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A cross-sectional study. BMC Neurology, 12(1), 138. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-12-138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar