Depression, functional disability, and accessing health care among older Ghanaians and South Africans: a comparative study based on WHO study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE)

References

• Alang, S. M., McAlpine, D. D., & Henning-Smith, C. E. (2014). Disability, health insurance and psychological distress among US adults: An application of the stress process. Society and Mental Health, 4(3), 164–178. doi:10.1177/2156869314532376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, P. D. (2012). Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application (2nd ed.). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Amoah, P. A., Koduah, A. O., Gyasi, R. M., Gwenzi, G. D., & Anaduaka, U. S. (2019). The relationship between functional health literacy, health-related behaviours, and sociodemographic characteristics of street-involved youth in Ghana. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57(3), 116–132. doi:10.1080/14635240.2018.1552835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aneshensel, C. S., & Avison, W. R. (2015). The stress process: An appreciation os Leonard I. Pearlin. Society and Mental Health, 5(2), 67–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atuoye, K. N., & Luginaah, I. (2017). Food as a social determinant of mental health among household heads in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Social Science & Medicine, 180, 170–180. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A., Shadar, E. J. S., & Hauff, E. (2014). Community attitudes and social distance towards the mentally ill in South Sudan: A survey from a post-conflict setting with no mental health services. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(5), 771–780. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0775-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, P., Omar, M., Doku, V., Lund, C., Nsereko, J. R., & Mwanza, J, & MHaPP Research Programme Consortium. (2011). Increasing the priority of mental health in Africa: Findings from qualitative research in Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia. Health Policy and Planning, 26(5), 357–365. doi:10.1093/heapol/czq078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossola, M., Di Stasio, E., Antocicco, M., Pepe, G., Tazza, L., Zuccalà, G., & Laudisio, A. (2016). Functional impairment is associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients on chronic hemodialysis. BMC Nephrology, 17(1), 72. doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0302-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, P. J., Devanand, D. P., Liu, X., & Caccappolo, E. (2011). Functional impairment in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(6), 617–626. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, J. K., Tomita, A., & Lund, C. (2017). Income inequality widens the existing income-related disparity in depression risk in post-apartheid South Africa: Evidence from a nationally representative panel study. Health & Place, 45, 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(5), 151–156.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, M. G., & Dendukuri, N. (2003). Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1147–1156. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doku, V. C. K., Wusu-Takyi, A., & Awakame, J. (2012). Implementing the mental health act in Ghana: Any challenges ahead? Ghana Medical Journal, 46(4), 241–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Druss, B. G., Rask, K., & Katon, W. J. (2008). Major depression, depression treatment, and quality of primary medical care. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30(1), 20–25. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, J., & Ohene, S. (2016). Providing sustainable mental health care in Ghana: A demonstration project. USA: National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350318/.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. (2014). Ghana’s mental health patients confined to prayer camps. The Lancet, 383(9911), 15–16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62717-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Niño, J. A., Bonilla-Tinoco, L. J., Manrique-Espinoza, B. S., Romero-Martínez, M., & Sosa-Ortiz, A. L. (2018). Work status, retirement, and depression in older adults: An analysis of six countries based on the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). SSM—Population Health, 6, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2009). Depression in older adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5(1), 363–389. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gureje, O., Uwakwe, R., Oladeji, B., Makanjuola, V. O., & Esan, O. (2010). Depression in adult Nigerians: Results from the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120(1–3), 158–164. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajek, A., & König, H.-H. (2016). Longitudinal predictors of functional impairment in older adults in Europe—evidence from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Plos One, 11(1), e0146967. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagerty, B. M., Williams, R. A., Coyne, J. C., & Early, M. R. (1996). Sense of belonging and indicators of social and psychological functioning. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4), 235–244. doi:10.1016/S0883-9417(96)80029-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, J. P., Hirsch, J. K., & Lyness, J. M. (2013). Functional impairment, illness burden, and depressive symptoms in older adults: Does type of social relationship matter? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(2), 190–198. doi:10.1002/gps.3808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, J. (1997). Stress, the brain and mental illness. BMJ, 315(7107), 530–535. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7107.530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsch, J. K., Sirois, F. M., & Lyness, J. M. (2011). Functional impairment and depressive symptoms in older adults: Mitigating effects of hope: Functional impairment, depressive symptoms, and hope. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16(4), 744–760. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02012.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Federation on Ageing. (2006). Ageism—towards a global view. Retrieved December 4, 2016, from https://www.ifa-fiv.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/061_Age-Discrimination-in-Africa-Age-Concern-England-DaneAge-Association-IFA-2006.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, H. (2013). The prevention and handling of the missing data. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 64(5), 402–406. doi:10.4097/kjae.2013.64.5.402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kulkarni, R. S., & Shinde, R. L. (2015). Depression and its associated factors in older Indians: A study based on Study of Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE)-2007. Journal of Aging and Health, 27(4), 622–649. doi:10.1177/0898264314556617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, D., Leibbrandt, M., & Ranchhod, V. (2005). Labor force withdrawal of the elderly in South Africa. Retrieved July 31, 2019, from http://www.opensaldru.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11090/664/CSSR-SALDRU%20WP%20118.pdf?sequence=1.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R., & Robbins, S. (1998). The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self‐esteem and social identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 338–345. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofgren, S. M., Nakasujja, N., & Boulware, D. R. (2018). Systematic review of interventions for depression for people living with HIV in Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 22(1), 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1906-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, C., Kleintjes, S., Kakuma, R., & Flisher, A. J, & the MHaPP Research Programme Consortium. (2010). Public sector mental health systems in South Africa: Inter-provincial comparisons and policy implications. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(3), 393–404. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0078-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luong, G., Charles, S. T., & Fingerman, K. L. (2011). Better with age: Social relationships across adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(1), 9–23.
   Google Scholar
• Mackinnon, A. (2010). The use and reporting of multiple imputation in medical research—a review. Journal of Internal Medicine, 268(6), 586–593. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02274.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, S., Jude, B., & McLachlan, A. J. (2008). Sense of belonging to the general and gay communities as predictors of depression among Australian gay men. International Journal of Men's Health, 7(1), 90–99. doi:10.3149/jmh.0701.90
   Google Scholar
• Mlinac, M. E., & Feng, M. C. (2016). Assessment of activities of daily living, self-care, and independence. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(6), 506–516. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narainsamy, J., Cassim, B., & Chipps, J. (2015). Depressive symptoms in community-dwelling persons aged > = 60 years in Inanda, Ntuzuma and KwaMashu in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 21(1), 6–18. doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v21i1.576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173–176. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1061–1072. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar, M. A., Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium (MHaPP), Green, A. T., Bird, P. K., Mirzoev, T., Flisher, A. J., Kigozi, F., Lund, C., & Ofori-Atta, A. L. (2010). Mental health policy process: A comparative study of Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 4(1), 24. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-4-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Padayachey, U., Ramlall, S., & Chipps, J. (2017). Depression in older adults: Prevalence and risk factors in a primary health care sample. South African Family Practice, 59(2), 61–66. doi:10.1080/20786190.2016.1272250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, V., Burns, J. K., Dhingra, M., Tarver, L., Kohrt, B. A., & Lund, C. (2018). Income inequality and depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(1), 76–89. doi:10.1002/wps.20492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (2000). Gender differences in depression: Critical review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(6), 486–492. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(4), 337–356. doi:10.2307/2136676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer, K., & Phaswana-Mafuya, N. (2013). Depression and associated factors in older adults in South Africa. Global Health Action, 6(1), 18871. doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.18871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilania, M., Bairwa, M., Kumar, N., Khanna, P., & Kurana, H. (2013). Elderly depression in India: An emerging public health challenge. Australasian Medical Journal, 6(3), 107–111. doi:10.4066/AMJ.2013.1583
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richard, E., Reitz, C., Honig, L. H., Schupf, N., Tang, M. X., Manly, J. J., … Luchsinger, J. A. (2013). Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. JAMA Neurology, 70(3), 383–389. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamm, T. A., Pieber, K., Crevenna, R., & Dorner, T. E. (2016). Impairment in the activities of daily living in older adults with and without osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and chronic back pain: A secondary analysis of population-based health survey data. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 17(1), 139. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0994-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoeckel, K. J., & Litwin, H. (2016). The impact of social networks on the relationship between functional impairment and depressive symptoms in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(1), 39–47. doi:10.1017/S1041610215000538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausig, M., Michello, J., & Subedi, S. (2003). A sociology of mental illness (2nd ed.). New York: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Thapa, S. B., Martinez, P., & Clausen, T. (2014). Depression and its correlates in South Africa and Ghana among people aged 50 and above: Findings from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(6), 1000167. doi:10.4172/1994-8220.1000167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson-Fullilove, M. (1996). Psychiatric implications of displacement: Contributions from the psychology of place. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(12), 1516–1523. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.12.1516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita, A., & Burns, J. K. (2013). Depression, disability and functional status among community dwelling older adults in South Africa: Evidence from the first South African National Income Dynamics Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(12), 1270–1279. doi:10.1002/gps.3954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Üstün, T., Kostanjsek, N., Chatterji, S., & Rehm, J. (2010). Measuring health and disability: Manual for WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Mussele, S., Fransen, E., Struyfs, H., Luyckx, J., Mariën, P., Saerens, J., … Engelborghs, S. (2014). Depression in mild cognitive impairment is associated with progression to Alzheimer’s disease: A longitudinal study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 42(4), 1239–1250. doi:10.3233/JAD-140405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. H., & Osei, A. (2017). Mental health law in Ghana. BJPsych International, 14(2), 38–39. doi:10.1192/S2056474000001768
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward, E. C., Clark, L. O., & Heidrich, S. (2009). African American women's beliefs, coping behaviors, and barriers to seeking mental health services. Qualitative Health Research, 19(11), 1589–1601. doi:10.1177/1049732309350686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, E. L., Longhurst, J. G., & Mazure, C. M. (1999). Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: Psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 816–828. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyerer, S., Eifflaender-Gorfer, S., Köhler, L., Jessen, F., Maier, W., Fuchs, A., … Bickel, H. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors for depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older. Journal of Affective Disorders, 111(2–3), 153–163. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30(4), 377–399. doi:10.1002/sim.4067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2019). Life expectancy at birth, total years. Retrieved February 3, 2020, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Report of India. Retrieved January 12, 2018, from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/whsind-india.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Depression: A global crisis. Retrieved May 16, 2018, from https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/wfmh_paper_depression_wmhd_2012.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Dementia and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf;jsessionid=A2318FEF502839062D0CB2F4B044F75A?sequence=1.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Ghana: Situational analysis. Retrieved May 16, 2018, from https://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/country/ghana/en/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Proposed working definition of an older person in Africa for the MDS Project. Retrieved February 3, 2020, from https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. (2006). How does functional disability affect depressive symptoms in late life? The role of perceived social support and psychological resources. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(4), 355–372. doi:10.1177/002214650604700404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar