References
- Abrams, L. R., & Mehta, N. K. (2019). Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort. SSM – Population Health, 7, 100399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100399
- Aldwin, C. M., Sutton, K. J., Chiara, G., & Spiro, A. (1996). Age differences in stress, coping, and appraisal: Findings from the normative aging study. Journals of Gerontology – Series B, 54(4), 179–188.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Mental health and wellbeing: Summary of results [Internet]. National Survey. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4326.0Main+Features32007?OpenDocument
- Bauldry, S. (2015). Variation in the protective effect of higher education against depression. Society and Mental Health, 5(2), 154–161.
- Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Jenkins, R., Lewis, G., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., & Meltzer, H. (2003). The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: Report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)), 15(1–2), 74–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0954026021000045976
- Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Van Limbeek, J., Braam, A. W., De Vries, M. Z., & Van Tilburg, W. (1997). Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): Results from a community-based sample of older subjects in the Netherlands. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 231–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796003510
- Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware, J. E., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991). Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Medical Care, 29(2), 169–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008
- Bjelland, I., Krokstad, S., Mykletun, A., Dahl, A. A., Tell, G. S., & Tambs, K. (2008). Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study. Social Science & Medicine, 66(6), 1334–1345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.019
- Blazer, D. (2017). Do we ever outlive depression? The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(11), 1196–1197.
- Byers, A. L., Yaffe, K., Covinsky, K. E., Friedman, M. B., & Bruce, M. L. (2010). High occurrence of mood and anxiety disorders among older adults: The National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(5), 489.
- Carleton, R. N., Thibodeau, M. A., Teale, M. J., Welch, P. G., Abrams, M. P., & Robinson, T. (2013). The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: A review with a theoretical and empirical examination of item content and factor structure. PLoS One., 8(3), e58067.
- Chaplin, T. M., Gillham, J. E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2009). Gender, anxiety, and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study of early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(2), 307–327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608320125
- De Graaf, R., Ten Have, M., Van Gool, C., & Van Dorsselaer, S. (2012). Prevalence of mental disorders and trends from 1996 to 2009. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(2), 203–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0334-8
- Denktas, S. (2011). Health and Health Care Use of Elderly Immigrants in the Netherlands: A comparative study (133 p.).
- Derdikman-Eiron, R., Indredavik, M. S., Bakken, I. J., Bratberg, G. H., Hjemdal, O., & Colton, M. (2012). Gender differences in psychosocial functioning of adolescents with symptoms of anxiety and depression: Longitudinal findings from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(11), 1855–1863.
- Devillé, W., Uiters, E., Westert, G., Groenewegen, P. (2006). Perceived health and consultation of GPs among ethnic minorities compared to the general population in the Netherlands. In G.P. Westert, L. Jabaaij, F.G. Schellevis (Eds.), Morbidity, performance and quality in primary care: Dutch general practice on stage (pp. 85–96). Oxon: Radcliffe Publishing.
- Diehl, M., Chui, H., Hay, E. L., Lumley, M. A., Grühn, D., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2014). Change in coping and defense mechanisms across adulthood: Longitudinal findings in a European American sample. Developmental Psychology, 50(2), 634–648. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033619
- Djernes, J. K. (2006). Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: A review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(5), 372–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x
- Flint, J., & Kendler, K. S. (2014). The genetics of major depression. Neuron, 81(3), 484–503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.027
- Freedman, V. A., Wolf, D. A., & Spillman, B. C. (2016). Disability-free life expectancy over 30 years: A growing female disadvantage in the US population. American Journal of Public Health, 106(6), 1079–1085. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303089
- Girgus, J., Yang, K., & Ferri, C. (2017). The gender difference in depression: Are elderly women at greater risk for depression than elderly men? Geriatrics [Internet], 2(4), 35. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2308-3417/2/4/35
- Goodwin, R. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004). Gender differences in depression: The role of personality factors. Psychiatry Research, 126(2), 135–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.024
- Hargrove, T. W., Halpern, C. T., Gaydosh, L., Hussey, J. M., Whitsel, E. A., & Dole, N. (2020). Race/ethnicity, gender, and trajectories of depressive symptoms across early- and mid-life among the add health cohort. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7(4), 619–629.
- Hoogendijk, E. O., Deeg, D. J. H., Poppelaars, J., van der Horst, M., Broese van Groenou, M. I., Comijs, H. C., … Huisman, M. (2016). The longitudinal aging study Amsterdam: Cohort update 2016 and major findings. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31(9), 927–945. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0192-0
- Hooker, K., Phibbs, S., Irvin, V. L., Mendez-Luck, C. A., Doan, L. N., & Li, T. (2019). Depression among older adults in the United States by disaggregated race and ethnicity. Gerontologist, 59(5), 886–891.
- Hyde, J. S., & Mezulis, A. H. (2020). Gender differences in depression: Biological, affective, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 4–13.
- Jalnapurkar, I., Allen, M., & Pigott, T. (2018). Sex differences in anxiety disorders: A review. Psychiatry, Depression & Anxiety, 4, 1–9.
- Jorm, A. F. (1987). Sex and age differences in depression: A quantitative synthesis of published Research. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 21(1), 46–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/00048678709160898
- Jorm, A. F., Patten, S. B., Brugha, T. S., & Mojtabai, R. (2017). Has increased provision of treatment reduced the prevalence of common mental disorders? Review of the evidence from four countries. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 90–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20388
- Judd, F. K., Hickey, M., & Bryant, C. (2012). Depression and midlife: Are we overpathologising the menopause? Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 199–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.12.010
- Julian, L. J. (2011). Measures of anxiety. Arthritis Care & Research, 63(S11), S467–S472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20561
- Kaeberlein, M., Rabinovitch, P. S., & Martin, G. M. (2015). Healthy aging: The ultimate preventative medicine. Science (New York, N.Y.), 350(6265), 1191–1193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3267
- Kaniuka, A., Pugh, K. C., Jordan, M., Brooks, B., Dodd, J., Mann, A. K., … Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Stigma and suicide risk among the LGBTQ population: Are anxiety and depression to blame and can connectedness to the LGBTQ community help? Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 23(6), 1–16.
- Kelly, M. J., Dunstan, F. D., Lloyd, K., & Fone, D. L. (2008). Evaluating cutpoints for the MHI-5 and MCS using the GHQ-12: A comparison of five different methods. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-10
- Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1994). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. II: Cohort effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30(1), 15–26.
- Klokgieters, S. S., van Tilburg, T. G., Deeg, D. J. H., & Huisman, M. (2018). Gezondheidsverschillen onder oudere migranten in Nederland. Demos, 34(9), 4–7.
- Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 163–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x
- Kuehner, C. (2017). Why is depression more common among women than among men? The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 146–158.
- Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Windsor, T. D., & Butterworth, P. (2008). Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: The role of psychosocial mediators. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(12), 983–998. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z
- Li, S. H., & Graham, B. M. (2017). Why are women so vulnerable to anxiety, trauma-related and stress-related disorders? The potential role of sex hormones. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 4(1), 73–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30358-3
- Liang, J., Xu, X., Quiñones, A. R., Bennett, J. M., & Ye, W. (2011). Multiple trajectories of depressive symptoms in middle and late life: Racial/ethnic variations. Psychology and Aging, 26(4), 761–777. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023945
- Lorant, V., Deliège, D., Eaton, W., Robert, A., Philippot, P., & Ansseau, M. (2003). Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(2), 98–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf182
- Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Luck, T., Ehreke, L., Konnopka, A., Wiese, B., … Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012). Age- and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life-systematic review and meta-analysis . Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 212–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.033
- Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (2006). Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging & Mental Health, 10(6), 574–582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860600641200
- Maji, S. (2018). Society and ‘good woman’: A critical review of gender difference in depression. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(4), 396–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018765023
- McCabe, C. J., Thomas, K. J., Brazier, J. E., & Coleman, P. (1996). Measuring the mental health status of a population: A comparison of the GHQ-12 and the SF-36 (MHI-5). The British Journal of Psychiatry , 169(4), 516–521. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.4.516
- McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: Prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1027–1035. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006
- Meléndez, J. C., Mayordomo, T., Sancho, P., & Tomás, J. M. (2012). Coping strategies: Gender differences and development throughout life span. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1089–1098. doi:https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39399
- Minicuci, N., Noale, M., Pluijm, S. M. F., Zunzunegui, M. V., Blumstein, T., Deeg, D. J. H., … Jylhä, M (2004). Disability-free life expectancy: A cross-national comparison of six longitudinal studies on aging. The CLESA project. European Journal of Ageing, 1(1), 37–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-004-0002-5
- Mwinyi, J., Pisanu, C., Castelao, E., Stringhini, S., Preisig, M., & Schiöth, H. B. (2017). Anxiety disorders are associated with low socioeconomic status in women but not in men. Women’s Heal Issues, 27(3), 302–307.
- Parker, G., & Brotchie, H. (2010). Gender differences in depression. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)), 22(5), 429–436. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.492391
- Plaisier, I., de Bruijn, J. G. M., Smit, J. H., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2008). Work and family roles and the association with depressive and anxiety disorders: Differences between men and women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 105(1–3), 63–72.
- Portman, M. E., Riskind, J. H., & Rector, N. A. (2012). Generalized anxiety disorder. Encycl Hum Behav [Internet]. (criterion C):215–220. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123750006001750.
- Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2006). Sex differences in the effect of education on depression: Resource multiplication or resource substitution? Social Science & Medicine (1982)), 63(5), 1400–1413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.013
- Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783–822.
- Schaub, R. T., & Linden, M. (2000). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the old and very old – Results from the Berlin aging study (BASE). Comprehensive Psychiatry [Internet], 41(2), 48–54. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010440X00800085
- Slavich, G. M., & Sacher, J. (2019). Stress, sex hormones, inflammation, and major depressive disorder: Extending social signal transduction theory of depression to account for sex differences in mood disorders. Psychopharmacology, 236(10), 3063–3079. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05326-9
- Snaith, R. P. (2003). Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-29
- Sorkin, D. H., Pham, E., & Ngo-Metzger, Q. (2009). Racial and ethnic differences in the mental health needs and access to care of older adults in California. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 57(12), 2311–2317.
- Spiers, N., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P., McManus, S., Jenkins, R., & Meltzer, H. (2012). Age and birth cohort differences in depression in repeated cross-sectional surveys in England: The National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys, 1993 to 2007. Psychological Medicine, 42(10), 2047–2055. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171200013X
- Tampubolon, G., & Maharani, A. (2017). When did old age stop being depressing? Depression trajectories of older Americans and Britons 2002–2012. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(11), 1187–1195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2017.06.006
- Twisk, J. W. R. (2011). Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
- Vable, A. M., Cohen, A. K., Leonard, S. A., Glymour, M. M., Duarte, C. D P., & Yen, I. H. (2018). Do the health benefits of education vary by sociodemographic subgroup? Differential returns to education and implications for health inequities. Annals of Epidemiology, 28(11), 759–766. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.08.014
- Van De Rest, O., Van Der Zwaluw, N., Beekman, A. T. F., De Groot, L., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2009). The reliability of three depression rating scales in a general population of Dutch older persons. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(10), 998–1005. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2449
- Van de Velde, S., Huijts, T., Bracke, P., & Bambra, C. (2013). Macro-level gender equality and depression in men and women in Europe. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(5), 682–698.
- Verschuren, W. M. M., Blokstra, A., Picavet, H. S. J., & Smit, H. A. (2008). Cohort profile: The Doetinchem Cohort Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(6), 1236–1241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym292
- Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., Barbaglia, G., & Alonso, J. (2016). Screening for depression in the general population with the center for epidemiologic studies depression (ces-d): A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One, 11(5), e0155431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155431
- Vink, D., Aartsen, M. J., Comijs, H. C., Heymans, M. W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Stek, M. L., … Beekman, A. T. F. (2009). Onset of anxiety and depression in the aging population: Comparison of risk factors in a 9-year prospective study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(8), 642–652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a65228
- Weissman, M. M., Bland, R., Joyce, P. R., Newman, S., Wells, J. E., & Wittchen, H. U. (1993). Sex differences in rates of depression: Cross-national perspectives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29(2–3), 77–84.
- Xu, X., Liang, J., Bennett, J. M., Quiñones, A. R., & Ye, W. (2010). Ethnic differences in the dynamics of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Americans. Journal of Aging and Health, 22(5), 631–652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264310370851
- Zivin, K., Pirraglia, P. A., McCammon, R. J., Langa, K. M., & Vijan, S. (2013). Trends in depressive symptom burden among older adults in the United States from 1998 to 2008. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(12), 1611–1619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2533-y
- Zunzunegui, M. V., Minicuci, N., Blumstein, T., Noale, M., Deeg, D., Jylhä, M., & Pedersen, N. L, CLESA Working Group (2007). Gender differences in depressive symptoms among older adults: A cross-national comparison: The CLESA project. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(3), 198–207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0158-3