References
- Aisen, P. S., Schneider, L. S., Diaz-Arrastia, R., van Dyck, C. H., FWeiner, M., Bottiglieri, T., … Thal, L. J. (2008). High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 300(15), 1774–1783. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.15.1774
- Alpers, D. H. (2016). Absorption and blood/cellular transport of folate and cobalamin: Pharmacokinetic and physiological considerations. Biochimie, 126, 52–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.006
- Armstrong, R. A. (2019). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Folia Neuropathol, 57(2), 87–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.5114/fn.2019.85929
- Balashova, O. A., Visina, O., & Borodinsky, L. N. (2018). Folate action in nervous system development and disease. Developmental Neurobiology, 78(4), 391–402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22579
- Camfield, D. A., Owen, L., Scholey, A. B., Pipingas, A., & Stough, C. (2011). Dairy constituents and neurocognitive health in ageing. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(2), 159–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511000158
- Chen, H., Liu, S., Ji, L., Wu, T., Ji, Y., Zhou, Y., … Huang, G. (2016). Folic acid supplementation mitigates Alzheimer's disease by reducing inflammation: A randomized controlled trial. Mediators of Inflammation, 2016, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5912146
- de Jager, C. A., Oulhaj, A., Jacoby, R., Refsum, H., & Smith, A. D. (2012). Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(6), 592–600. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2758
- Douaud, G., Refsum, H., de Jager, C. A., Jacoby, R., Nichols, T. E., Smith, S. M., & Smith, A. D. (2013). Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(23), 9523–9528. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301816110
- Durga, J., van Boxtel, M. P., Schouten, E. G., Kok, F. J., Jolles, J., Katan, M. B., & Verhoef, P. (2007). Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: A randomised, double blind, controlled trial. The Lancet, 369(9557), 208–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60109-3
- Eussen, S. J., de Groot, L. C., Joosten, L. W., Bloo, R. J., Clarke, R., Ueland, P. M., … van Staveren, W. A. (2006). Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(2), 361–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.2.361
- Fairbairn, P., Tsofliou, F., Johnson, A., & Dyall, S. C. (2020). Effects of a high DHA multi-nutrient supplement and exercise on mobility and cognition in older women (MOBILE): A randomised semi-blinded placebo controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition, 124(2), 146–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520000719
- Food and Drug Administration. (1996). Food standards, amendments of standards of identity for enriched grain products to require addition of folic acid.Federal Register, 61(44), 8781–8797.
- Ford, A. H., Flicker, L., Alfonso, H., Thomas, J., Clarnette, R., Martins, R., & Almeida, O. P. (2010). Vitamins B(12), B(6), and folic acid for cognition in older men. Neurology, 75(17), 1540–1547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f962c4
- Grodstein, F., O'Brien, J., Kang, J. H., Dushkes, R., Cook, N. R., Okereke, O., … Sesso, H. D. (2013). A randomized trial of long-term multivitamin supplementation and cognitive function in men: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(12), 806–814. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00006
- Harris, E., Macpherson, H., & Pipingas, A. (2015). Improved blood biomarkers but no cognitive effects from 16 weeks of multivitamin supplementation in healthy older adults. Nutrients, 7(5), 3796–3812. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053796
- Harris, E., Macpherson, H., Vitetta, L., Kirk, J., Sali, A., & Pipingas, A. (2012). Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and blood biomarkers in older men: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 27(4), 370–377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2236
- Hung, S.-Y. , & Fu, W. (2017). Drug candidates in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Biomedical Science, 24(1), 47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-017-0355-7
- Jiang, B., Ding, C., Yao, G., Yao, C., Zhang, Y., Ge, J., Qiu, E. (2013).Intervention effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 on vascular cognitive impairment complicated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 33(2), 169–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2013-0033
- Kwok, T., Lee, J., Law, C. B., Pan, P. C., Yung, C. Y., Choi, K. C., & Lam, L. C. (2011). A randomized placebo controlled trial of homocysteine lowering to reduce cognitive decline in older demented people. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)), 30(3), 297–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2010.12.004
- Kwok, T., Wu, Y., Lee, J., Lee, R., Yung, C. Y., Choi, G., … Mok, V. (2020). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of using B vitamins to prevent cognitive decline in older mild cognitive impairment patients. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 39(8), 2399–2405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.005
- Liew, S.-C. (2016). Folic acid and diseases - supplement it or not? Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)), 62(1), 90–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.01.90
- Li, W., Liu, H., Yu, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, M., Wilson, J. X., & Huang, G. (2015). Folic acid administration inhibits amyloid β-peptide accumulation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 26(8), 883–891. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.03.009
- Li, W., Yu, M., Luo, S., Liu, H., Gao, Y., Wilson, J. X., & Huang, G. (2013). DNA methyltransferase mediates dose-dependent stimulation of neural stem cell proliferation by folate. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24(7), 1295–1301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.11.001
- Luchsinger, J. A., Tang, M.-X. , Miller, J., Green, R., & Mayeux, R. (2007). Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly. Archives of Neurology, 64(1), 86–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.1.86
- Macpherson, H., Ellis, K. A., Sali, A., & Pipingas, A. (2012). Memory improvements in elderly women following 16 weeks treatment with a combined multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement: A randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology, 220(2), 351–365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2481-3
- Macpherson, H., Rowsell, R., Cox, K. H. M., Scholey, A., & Pipingas, A. (2015). Acute mood but not cognitive improvements following administration of a single multivitamin and mineral supplement in healthy women aged 50 and above: A randomised controlled trial. Age, 37(3), 9782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-015-9782-0
- Ma, F., Li, Q., Zhou, X., Zhao, J., Song, A., Li, W., … Huang, G. (2019). Effects of folic acid supplementation on cognitive function and Aβ-related biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Nutrition, 58(1), 345–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1598-5
- Malouf, R., & Evans, J. G. (2008). Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD004514. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2
- Ma, F., Wu, T., Zhao, J., Han, F., Marseglia, A., Liu, H., & Huang, G. (2016). Effects of 6-month folic acid supplementation on cognitive function and blood biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial in China. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(10), 1376–1383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv183
- Ma, F., Wu, T., Zhao, J., Song, A., Liu, H., Xu, W., & Huang, G. (2016). Folic acid supplementation improves cognitive function by reducing the levels of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in elderly Chinese subjects with MCI. Scientific Reports, 6, 37486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37486
- McCleery, J., Abraham, R. P., Denton, D. A., Rutjes, A. W. S., Chong, L. Y., Al-Assaf, A. S., … Tabet, N. (2018). Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(11), CD011905. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011905.pub2
- Murphy, M. E., & Westmark, C. J. (2020). Folic acid fortification and neural tube defect risk: Analysis of the food fortification initiative dataset. Nutrients, 12(1), 247. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010247
- Nebel, R. A., Aggarwal, N. T., Barnes, L. L., Gallagher, A., Goldstein, J. M., Kantarci, K., … Mielke, M. M. (2018). Understanding the impact of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease: A call to action. Alzheimers Dement, 14(9), 1171–1183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.04.008
- Pase, M. P., Grima, N., Cockerell, R., Stough, C., Scholey, A., Sali, A., & Pipingas, A. (2015). The effects of long-chain omega-3 fish oils and multivitamins on cognitive and cardiovascular function: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 34(1), 21–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2014.880660
- Patterson, C. (2018). Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI): World Alzheimer Report 2018. Retrieve from https://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report-2018.
- Rasmussen, J. (2019). The LipiDiDiet trial: What does it add to the current evidence for Fortasyn Connect in early Alzheimer's disease? Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 1481–1492. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S211739
- Remington, R., Bechtel, C., Larsen, D., Samar, A., Doshanjh, L., Fishman, P., … Shea, T. B. (2015). A phase II randomized clinical trial of a nutritional formulation for cognition and mood in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 45(2), 395–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-142499
- Remington, R., Lortie, J. J., Hoffmann, H., Page, R., Morrell, C., & Shea, T. B. (2015). A nutritional formulation for cognitive performance in mild cognitive impairment: A placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 48(3), 591–595. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150057
- Schneider, L. S., Mangialasche, F., Andreasen, N., Feldman, H., Giacobini, E., Jones, R., … Kivipelto, M. (2014). Clinical trials and late-stage drug development for Alzheimer's disease: An appraisal from 1984 to 2014. Journal of Internal Medicine, 275(3), 251–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12191
- Shah, R. C., Kamphuis, P. J., Leurgans, S., Swinkels, S. H., Sadowsky, C. H., Bongers, A., … Bennett, D. A. (2013). The S-Connect study: Results from a randomized, controlled trial of Souvenaid in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 5(6), 59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt224
- Silva, M. V. F., Loures, C. D M. G. , Alves, L. C. V., Souza, L. C. D., Borges, K. B. G., & Carvalho, M. D G. (2019). Alzheimer's disease: Risk factors and potentially protective measures. Journal of Biomedical Science, 26(1), 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-019-0524-y
- Smith, A. D., & Refsum, H. (2016). Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cognitive impairment. Annual Review of Nutrition, 36(1), 211–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050947.
- Smith, A. D., Smith, S. M., de Jager, C. A., Whitbread, P., Johnston, C., Agacinski, G., … Refsum, H. (2010). Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 5(9), e12244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012244
- Strike, S. C., Carlisle, A., Gibson, E. L., & Dyall, S. C. (2016). A high omega-3 fatty acid multinutrient supplement benefits cognition and mobility in older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(2), 236–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv109
- van der Zwaluw, N. L., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A. M., van Wijngaarden, J. P. V., Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., van de Rest, O. V. D., In ’t Veld, P. H., … de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2014). Results of 2-year vitamin B treatment on cognitive performance: Secondary data from an RCT. Neurology, 83(23), 2158–2166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001050
- Walker, J. G., Batterham, P. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Jorm, A. F., Hickie, I., Fenech, M., … Christensen, H. (2012). Oral folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults with depressive symptoms-the Beyond Ageing Project: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(1), 194–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007799
- World Health Organization. (2015). Serum and red blood cell folate concentrations for assessing folate status in populations. Retrieve from https://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/serum_RBC_folate_update2015/en/.