References
- Agrell, B., & Dehlin, O. (1998). The clock-drawing test. Age and Ageing, 27(3), 399–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/27.3.399
- Aguirre, E., Woods, R. T., Spector, A., & Orrell, M. (2013). Cognitive stimulation for dementia: A systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness from randomised controlled trials. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(1), 253–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.001
- Alty, J. E., Cosgrove, J., Jamieson, S., Smith, S. L., & Possin, K. L. (2015). Which figure copy test is more sensitive for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Wire cube or interlocking pentagons?Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 139, 244–246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.10.019
- Appels, B. A., & Scherder, E. (2010). Review: The diagnostic accuracy of dementia-screening instruments with an administration time of 10 to 45 minutes for use in secondary care: A systematic review. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementiasr, 25(4), 301–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317510367485
- Aprahamian, I., Martinelli, J. E., Neri, A. L., & Yassuda, M. S. (2009). The clock drawing test a review of its accuracy in screening for dementia. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 3(2), 74–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642009DN30200002
- Azad, N. A., Bugami, M. A., & Loy-English, I. (2007). Gender differences in dementia risk factors. Gender Medicine, 4(2), 120–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1550-8579(07)80026-X
- Biundo, R., Weis, L., Pilleri, M., Facchini, S., Formento-Dojot, P., Vallelunga, A., & Antonini, A. (2013). Diagnostic and screening power of neuropsychological testing in detecting mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 120(4), 627–633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-013-1004-2
- Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 97–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.12
- Buckley, J. S., & Salpeter, S. R. (2015). A risk-benefit assessment of dementia medications: Systematic review of the evidence. Drugs & Aging, 32(6), 453–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0266-9
- Chan, J. Y. C., Chan, T. K., & Tsoi, K. K. F. (2020). Comparison of the different approaches of drawing test for the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. A systematic review and meta-analysis [poster presentation]. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference 2020. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Charernboon, T. (2017). Diagnostic accuracy of the overlapping infinity loops, wire cube, and clock drawing tests for cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2017, 1–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5289239
- Cheah, W. T., Chang, W. D., Hwang, J. J., Hong, S. Y., Fu, L. C., & Chang, Y. L. (2019). A screening system for mild cognitive impairment based on neuropsychological drawing test and neural network. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2019.8913880
- Deeks, J. J., Macaskill, P., & Irwig, L. (2005). The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58(9), 882–893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.01.016
- Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & Mchugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state examination. PsycTESTS Dataset. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/t07757-000
- Garre-Olmo, J., Faúndez-Zanuy, M., López-De-Ipiña, K., Calvó-Perxas, L., & Turró-Garriga, O. (2017). Kinematic and pressure features of handwriting and drawing: Preliminary results between patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease and healthy controls. Current Alzheimer Research, 14(9), 960–968. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205014666170309120708
- Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in A meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
- Liberati, A. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), W-65–W-94. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136
- Lin, K., Wang, P., Chen, C., Chiu, Y., Kuo, C., Chuang, Y., & Liu, H. (2002). The three-item clock-drawing test: A simplified screening test for Alzheimer’s disease. European Neurology, 49(1), 53–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000067026
- Mcdermott, O., Charlesworth, G., Hogervorst, E., Stoner, C., Moniz-Cook, E., Spector, A., … Orrell, M. (2018). Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia: A synthesis of systematic reviews. Aging & Mental Health, 23(4), 393–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1423031
- Morris, G. M., Holden, T. R., Weng, H., Xiong, C., Coble, D. W., Cairns, N. J., & Morris, J. C. (2020). Comparative performance and neuropathologic validation of the AD8 dementia screening instrument. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 34(2), 112–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000362
- Müller, S., Herde, L., Preische, O., Zeller, A., Heymann, P., Robens, S., … Laske, C. (2019). Diagnostic value of digital clock drawing test in comparison with CERAD neuropsychological battery total score for discrimination of patients in the early course of Alzheimer’s disease from healthy individuals. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40010-0
- Müller, S., Preische, O., Heymann, P., Elbing, U., & Laske, C. (2016). Diagnostic value of A tablet-based drawing task for discrimination of patients in the early course of Alzheimer’s disease from healthy individuals. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 55(4), 1463–1469. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160921
- Nichols, E., Szoeke, C. E. I., Vollset, S. E., Abbasi, N., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., … Murray, C. J. L. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(1), 88–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4
- Palmer, K., Fratiglioni, L., & Winblad, B. (2003). What is mild cognitive impairment? Variations in definitions and evolution of nondemented persons with cognitive impairment. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 107(s179), 14–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.107.s179.2.x
- Park, J., Jeong, E., & Seomun, G. (2018). The clock drawing test: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(12), 2742–2754. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13810
- Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56(3), 303–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.3.303
- Pinto, E., & Peters, R. (2009). Literature review of the clock drawing test as A tool for cognitive screening. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27(3), 201–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000203344
- Reitsma, J. B., Glas, A. S., Rutjes, A. W., Scholten, R. J., Bossuyt, P. M., & Zwinderman, A. H. (2005). Bivariate analysis of sensitivity and specificity produces informative summary measures in diagnostic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58(10), 982–990. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.02.022
- Roalf, D. R., Moberg, P. J., Xie, S. X., Wolk, D. A., Moelter, S. T., & Arnold, S. E. (2012). Comparative accuracies of two common screening instruments for classification of Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 9(5), 529–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.001
- Robens, S., Heymann, P., Gienger, R., Hett, A., Müller, S., Laske, C., … Elbing, U. (2019). The digital tree drawing test for screening of early dementia: An explorative study comparing healthy controls, patients with mild cognitive impairment, and patients with early dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 68(4), 1561–1574. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181029
- Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Kennedy, C., & McGuire, K. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 18(1), 70–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2626(92)90112-Y
- Shigemori, T., Kawanaka, H., Hicks, Y., Setchi, R., Takase, H., & Tsuruoka, S. (2016). Dementia detection using weighted direction index histograms and SVM for clock drawing test. Procedia Computer Science, 96, 1240–1248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.08.168
- Shulman, K. I. (2000). Clock-drawing: Is it the ideal cognitive screening test?International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(6), 548–561. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200006)15:63.0.co;2-u
- Smits, C. H. M., Lange, J. D., Dröes, R.-M., Meiland, F., Vernooij-Dassen, M., & Pot, A. M. (2007). Effects of combined intervention programmes for people with dementia living at home and their caregivers: A systematic review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(12), 1181–1193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1805
- Sternin, A., Burns, A., & Owen, A. M. (2019). Thirty-five years of computerized cognitive assessment of aging—where are we now?Diagnostics, 9(3), 114. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9030114
- Swets, J. (1988). Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 240(4857), 1285–1293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3287615
- Trojano, L., & Gainotti, G. (2016). Drawing disorders in Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 53(1), 31–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160009
- Tsoi, K. K. F., Chan, J. Y. C., Hirai, H. W., Wong, S. Y. S., & Kwok, T. C. Y. (2015). Cognitive tests to detect dementia. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(9), 1450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152
- Tsoi, K. K. F., Chan, J. Y. C., Hirai, H. W., Wong, A., Mok, V. C. T., Lam, L. C. W., … Wong, S. Y. S. (2017). Recall tests are effective to detect mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 108 diagnostic studies. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(9), 807.e17–807.e29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.016
- Tsoi, K. K., Hirai, H. W., Chan, J. Y., & Kwok, T. C. (2016). Time to treatment initiation in people with Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17(1), 24–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.08.007
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020). World population ageing 2019 (ST/ESA/SER.A/444).New York, NY: United Nations.
- Wild, K., Howieson, D., Webbe, F., Seelye, A., & Kaye, J. (2008). Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: A systematic review. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 4(6), 428–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2008.07.003
- Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Qiu, C., & Cheng, F. (2017). Global and regional economic costs of dementia: A systematic review. The Lancet, 390, S47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33185-9
- Yang, L., Yan, J., Jin, X., Jin, Y., Yu, W., Xu, S., & Wu, H. (2016). Screening for dementia in older adults: Comparison of mini-mental state examination, mini-cog, clock drawing test and AD8. PLoS One, 11(12), e0168949. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168949