Sex-specific longitudinal association between baseline physical activity level and cognitive decline in Chinese over 45 years old: Evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

References

• Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2018). World Alzheimer Report 2018. ADI. https://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report-2018.
   Google Scholar
• Arevalo, M. A., Diz-Chaves, Y., Santos-Galindo, M., Bellini, M. J., & Garcia-Segura, L. M. (2012). Selective oestrogen receptor modulators decrease the inflammatory response of glial cells. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 24(1), 183–190. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02156.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barha, C. K., Davis, J. C., Falck, R. S., Nagamatsu, L. S., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2017a). Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 46, 71–85. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barha, C. K., Hsiung, G. R., Best, J. R., Davis, J. C., Eng, J. J., Jacova, C., Lee, P. E., Munkacsy, M., Cheung, W., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2017b). Sex difference in aerobic exercise efficacy to improve cognition in older adults with vascular cognitive impairment: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 60(4), 1397–1410. doi:10.3233/JAD-170221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barha, C. K., Hsu, C. L., Ten Brinke, L., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2019). Biological sex: A potential moderator of physical activity efficacy on brain health. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barha, C. K., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2020). Sex differences in exercise efficacy: Is midlife a critical window for promoting healthy cognitive aging. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 34(9), 11329–11336. doi:10.1096/fj.202000857R
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beason-Held, L. L., Moghekar, A., Zonderman, A. B., Kraut, M. A., & Resnick, S. M. (2007). Longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow in the older hypertensive brain. Stroke, 38(6), 1766–1773. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.477109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, J. B., Monteggia, L. M., Perrot-Sinal, T. S., Romeo, R. D., Taylor, J. R., Yehuda, R., & Bale, T. L. (2007). Stress and disease: Is being female a predisposing factor?The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(44), 11851–11855. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3565-07.2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beinhoff, U., Tumani, H., Brettschneider, J., Bittner, D., & Riepe, M. W. (2008). Gender-specificities in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology, 255(1), 117–122. doi:10.1007/s00415-008-0726-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brombo, G., Bianchi, L., Maietti, E., Malacarne, F., Corsonello, A., Cherubini, A., Ruggiero, C., Onder, G., & Volpato, S. (2018). Association of anticholinergic drug burden with cognitive and functional decline over time in older inpatients: Results from the CRIME Project. Drugs & Aging, 35(10), 917–924. doi:10.1007/s40266-018-0584-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman, A. S., Yu, L., Wilson, R. S., Lim, A., Dawe, R. J., Gaiteri, C., Leurgans, S. E., Schneider, J. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2019). Physical activity, common brain pathologies, and cognition in community-dwelling older adults. Neurology, 92(8), e811–e822. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, S. L., & Wang, J. Y. (2021). Age differences in the longitudinal associations of leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms with cognitive decline in older Taiwanese. Aging Ment Health, 25(4), 679–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S., American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(7), 1510–1530. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, Z., Cao, G., Wang, Y., Ma, Q., Wang, C., Xu, Y., Sun, H., & Ma, Y. (2020). Effects of Cystatin C on cognitive impairment in older Chinese Adults. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 35, 1533317520965101. doi:10.1177/1533317520965101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dao, E., Barha, C. K., Best, J. R., Hsiung, G. Y., Tam, R., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2019). The effect of aerobic exercise on white matter hyperintensity progression may vary by sex. Canadian Journal on Aging = La revue canadienne du vieillissement, 38(2), 236–244. doi:10.1017/S0714980818000582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etgen, T., Sander, D., Huntgeburth, U., Poppert, H., Förstl, H., & Bickel, H. (2010). Physical activity and incident cognitive impairment in elderly persons: The INVADE Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(2), 186–193. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.498
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fallah, N., Mitnitski, A., Middleton, L., & Rockwood, K. (2009). Modeling the impact of sex on how exercise is associated with cognitive changes and death in older Canadians. Neuroepidemiology, 33(1), 47–54. doi:10.1159/000211953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, A. L., Lu, H., Meoni, L., Gallo, J. J., Schrack, J. A., & Sharrett, A. R. (2017). Physical activity in midlife is not associated with cognitive health in later life among cognitively normal older adults. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 59(4), 1349–1358. doi:10.3233/JAD-170290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S. C., Woo, J., Sham, A., Chan, S. G., & Yu, A. L. (2001). A 3-year follow-up study of social, lifestyle and health predictors of cognitive impairment in a Chinese older cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(6), 1389–1396. doi:10.1093/ije/30.6.1389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, J. S. (2016). Sex and cognition: Gender and cognitive functions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 38, 53–56. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2016.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPAQ Research Committee. (2005). Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short and Long forms. http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jia, L., Quan, M., Fu, Y., Zhao, T., Li, Y., Wei, C., Tang, Y., Qin, Q., Wang, F., Qiao, Y., Shi, S., Wang, Y.-J., Du, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Luo, B., Qu, Q., Zhou, C., Gauthier, S., & Jia, J. (2020). Dementia in China: Epidemiology, clinical management, and research advances. Lancet Neurology, 19(1), 81–92. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30290-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Mc Gonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D. G., & Nelson, C. B. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29(2-3), 85–96. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(93)90026-G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto, H., Ohara, T., Hata, J., Ninomiya, T., Yoshida, D., Mukai, N., Nagata, M., Ikeda, F., Fukuhara, M., Kumagai, S., Kanba, S., Kitazono, T., & Kiyohara, Y. (2016). The long-term association between physical activity and risk of dementia in the community: The Hisayama Study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31(3), 267–274. doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0125-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku, P. W., Stevinson, C., & Chen, L. J. (2012). Prospective associations between leisure-time physical activity and cognitive performance among older adults across an 11-year period. Journal of Epidemiology, 22(3), 230–237. doi:10.2188/jea.je20110084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, H. T., Lin, K. C., Lan, C. F., & Li, I. C. (2017). Activities of daily living trajectories among institutionalised older adults: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(23-24), 4756–4767. doi:10.1111/jocn.13828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A. T., Richards, M., Chan, W. C., Chiu, H. F., Lee, R. S., & Lam, L. C. (2015). Intensity and types of physical exercise in relation to dementia risk reduction in community-living older adults. Journal of American Medical Directors Association, 16, 889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, S., Yang, Y., Qi, Q., Wei, L., Jing, N., Jie, Z., Xia, L., & Shifu, X. (2019). The beneficial effect of physical exercise on cognitive function in a non-dementia aging Chinese Population. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindwall, M., Rennemark, M., & Berggren, T. (2008). Movement in mind: The relationship of exercise with cognitive status for older adults in the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care (SNAC). Aging & Mental Health, 12(2), 212–220. doi:10.1080/13607860701797232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, P., Taaffe, D. R., Newton, R. U., & Galvao, D. A. (2020). Resistance exercise dosage in men with prostate cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(3),459–469. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Fontana, I., Castanier, C., Le Scanff, C., & Perrot, A. (2018). Protective role of recent and past long-term physical activity on age-related cognitive decline: The moderating effect of sex. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 26(3), 353–362. doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathuranath, P. S., Nestor, P. J., Berrios, G. E., Rakowicz, W., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 55(11), 1613–1620. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, D. Y., Wong, C. H. Y., Leung, G. T. Y., Fung, A. W. T., Chan, W. C., & Lam, L. C. W. (2017). Physical exercise helped to maintain and restore functioning in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A 5-year prospective study of the Hong Kong Memory and Ageing Prospective Study (HK-MAPS) . Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(4), 306–311. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, D. Y., Wong, C. H. Y., Leung, G. T. Y., Fung, A. W. T., Chan, W. C., & Lam, L. C. W. (2017). Physical exercise helped to maintain and restore functioning in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A 5-year prospective study of the Hong Kong Memory and Ageing Prospective Study (HK-MAPS). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(4), 306–311. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, S., Preische, O., Sohrabi, H. R., Graber, S., Jucker, M., Ringman, J. M., Martins, R. N., McDade, E., Schofield, P. R., Ghetti, B., Rossor, M., Fox, N. N., Graff-Radford, N. R., Levin, J., Danek, A., Voglein, J., Salloway, S., Xiong, C., Benzinger, T., … Laske, C., and Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer. (2018). Relationship between physical activity, cognition, and Alzheimer pathology in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 14(11), 1427–1437. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najar, J., Ostling, S., Gudmundsson, P., Sundh, V., Johansson, L., Kern, S., Guo, X., Hallstrom, T., & Skoog, I. (2019). Cognitive and physical activity and dementia: A 44-year longitudinal population study of women. Neurology, 92(12), e1322–e1330. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa, M., Shipley, M., Kivimaki, M., Singh-Manoux, A., & Brunner, E. J. (2017). Dietary pattern, inflammation and cognitive decline: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Clinical Nutrition, 36(2), 506–512. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palapar, L., Kerse, N., Rolleston, A., den Elzen, W. P. J., Gussekloo, J., Blom, J. W., Robinson, L., Martin-Ruiz, C., Duncan, R., Arai, Y., Takayama, M., Teh, R., & Consortium, T. (2020). Anaemia and physical and mental health in the very old: An individual participant data meta-analysis of four longitudinal studies of ageing. Age Ageing.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, T., Yan, M., Fu, Z., Song, Y., Lu, W., Fu, A., & Yin, P. (2019). Association between anemia and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: Evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1), 305. doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1308-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovio, S., Kareholt, I., Helkala, E. L., Viitanen, M., Tuomilehto, J., Nissinen, A., Soininen, H., Winblad, B., & Kivipelto, M. (2005). Leisure time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 17, 194–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabia, S., D. A., Dartigues, J. F., Abell, J., Elbaz, A., Kivimäki, M., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2017). Physical activity, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia: 28 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study. BMJ, 357, j2709. doi:10.1136/bmj.j2709
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Titus, J., Bray, N. W., Kamkar, N., Camicioli, R., Nagamatsu, L. S., Speechley, M., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2021). The role of physical exercise in modulating peripheral inflammatory and neurotrophic biomarkers in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 194, 111431. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasquez, E., Strizich, G., Isasi, C. R., Echeverria, S. E., Sotres-Alvarez, D., Evenson, K. R., Gellman, M. D., Palta, P., Qi, Q., Lamar, M., Tarraf, W., Gonzalez, H. M., & Kaplan, R. (2017). Is there a relationship between accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior and cognitive function in US Hispanic/Latino adults? The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Preventive Medicine, 103, 43–48. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.07.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H. X., Jin, Y., Hendrie, H. C., Liang, C., Yang, L., Cheng, Y., Unverzagt, F. W., Ma, F., Hall, K. S., Murrell, J. R., Li, P., Bian, J., Pei, J. J., & Gao, S. (2013). Late life leisure activities and risk of cognitive decline. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(2), 205–213. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T., Wu, Y., Sun, Y., Zhai, L., & Zhang, D. (2017). A prospective study on the association between uric acid and cognitive function among middle-aged and older Chinese. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 58(1), 79–86. doi:10.3233/JAD-161243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weuve, J., Tchetgen, E. J. T., Glymour, M. M., Beck, T. L., Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., Evans, D. A., & de Leon, C. F. M. (2012). Accounting for bias due to selective attrition: the example of smoking and cognitive decline. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 23(1), 119–128. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318230e861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Towards a dementia plan: a WHO guide.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, W., D. D., Zhao, Q., Wang, R., Liang, X., Xiao, Z., Luo, J., Guo, Q., & Hong, Z. (2019). Medium-to-high late-life physical activity is associated with lower risk of incident Dementia: The Shanghai Aging Study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, W., Wang, H. F., Wan, Y., Tan, C. C., Yu, J. T., & Tan, L. (2017). Leisure time physical activity and dementia risk: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Open, 7(10), e014706. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Smith, J. P., Strauss, J., & Yang, G. (2014). Cohort profile: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(1), 61–68. doi:10.1093/ije/dys203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., Strauss, J., Yang, G., Giles, J., Hu, P., Hu, Y., Lei, X., Park, A., Smith, J. P., & Wang, Y. (2013). China health and retirement longitudinal study–2011–2012 national baseline users’ guide (pp. 1–56). National School of Development, Peking University.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, W., Wadley, V. G., Howard, V. J., Hutto, B., Blair, S. N., & Hooker, S. P. (2017). Objectively measured physical activity and cognitive function in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(1), 47–53. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar