990
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Cognition

Direct and indirect associations between childhood socioeconomic status and cognitive function in the middle-aged and older adults in China

, &
Pages 1730-1737 | Received 18 Jul 2020, Accepted 23 May 2021, Published online: 14 Jun 2021

References

  • Aartsen, M. J., Cheval, B., Sieber, S., Van der Linden, B. W., Gabriel, R., Courvoisier, D. S., Guessous, I., Burton-Jeangros, C., Blane, D., Ihle, A., Kliegel, M., & Cullati, S. (2019). Advantaged socioeconomic conditions in childhood are associated with higher cognitive functioning but stronger cognitive decline in older age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(12), 5478–5486. doi:10.1073/pnas.1807679116
  • Alley, D., Suthers, K., & Crimmins, E. (2007). Education and cognitive decline in older Americans: Results from the AHEAD sample. Research on Aging, 29(1), 73–94. doi:10.1177/0164027506294245
  • Alwin, D. F., & Wray, L. A. (2005). A life-span developmental perspective on social status and health. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 60(Special_Issue_2), S7–S14. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.Special_Issue_2.S7
  • Berkman, L. F., & Macintyre, S. (1997). The measurement of social class in health studies: Old measures and new formulations. IARC Scientific Publications, 138, 51–64.
  • Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 205–229. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002004
  • Brown, M. T. (2010). Early-life characteristics, psychiatric history, and cognition trajectories in later life. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 646–656. doi:10.1093/geront/gnq049
  • Cagney, K. A., & Lauderdale, D. S. (2002). Education, wealth, and cognitive function in later life. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(2), P163–P172. doi:10.1093/geronb/57.2.P163
  • Campos, M. W., Serebrisky, D., & Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (2016). Smoking and cognition. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 9(2), 76–79. doi:10.2174/1874473709666160803101633
  • Chen, F., Yang, Y., & Liu, G. (2010). Social change and socioeconomic disparities in health over the life course in China: A cohort analysis. American Sociological Review, 75(1), 126–150.
  • Chen, W. Y. (2016). On the relationship between economic conditions around the time of birth and late life cognitive abilities: Evidence from Taiwan. Economics & Human Biology, 22, 126–139. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.04.001
  • China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. (2019). About CHARLS. Retrieved December 1 from http://charls.pku.edu.cn/pages/about/111/zh-cn.html
  • China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). (2016). News and Announcements. Retrieved June 17 from http://class.ruc.edu.cn/index.php?r=news/newsabout&aid=7
  • Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Chen, E., & Matthews, K. A. (2010). Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 37–55. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05334.x
  • Curvers, N., Pavlova, M., Hajema, K., Groot, W., & Angeli, F. (2018). Social participation among older adults (55+): Results of a survey in the region of South Limburg in the Netherlands. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(1), e85–e93. doi:10.1111/hsc.12480
  • Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2012). Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: Moving from correlation to causation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(3), 377–386.
  • Ericsson, M., Lundholm, C., Fors, S., Dahl Aslan, A. K., Zavala, C., Reynolds, C. A., & Pedersen, N. L. (2017). Childhood social class and cognitive aging in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America, 114(27), 7001–7006. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620603114
  • Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. (2012). Childhood poverty and young adults’ allostatic load: The mediating role of childhood cumulative risk exposure. Psychological Science, 23(9), 979–983. doi:10.1177/0956797612441218
  • Everson-Rose, S. A., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Bienias, J. L., Wilson, R. S., & Evans, D. A. (2003). Early life conditions and cognitive functioning in later life. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(11), 1083–1089. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg263
  • Ferraro, K. F., Shippee, T. P., & Schafer, M. H. (2009). Cumulative inequality theory for research on aging and the life course. In V. L. Bengston, D. Gans, N. M. Pulney, & M. Silverstein (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging, 413–433. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Glymour, M. M. (2006). Using causal diagrams to understand common problems in social epidemiology. In J. M. Oakes &, J. S. Kaufman (Eds.), Methods in Social Epidemiology, 393–428. Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
  • Greenfield, E. A., Moorman, S., & Rieger, A. (2020). Life course pathways from childhood socioeconomic status to later life cognition: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, gbaa062. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa062
  • Greenfield, E. A., & Moorman, S. M. (2019). Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Later Life Cognition: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Journal of Aging and Health, 31(9), 1589–1615. doi:10.1177/0898264318783489
  • H.K. Department of Health. (2019). Cognitive Impairment. Retrieved June 16 from https://www.elderly.gov.hk/sc_chi/common_health_problems/dementia/dementia.html
  • Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2000). Long-term neuroendocrine effects of childhood maltreatment. JAMA, 284(18), 2321.
  • Hiscock, R., Bauld, L., Amos, A., Fidler, J. A., & Munafo, M. (2012). Socioeconomic status and smoking: A review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1248(1), 107–123. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53–60.
  • Howe, L. D., Hargreaves, J. R., Ploubidis, G. B., De Stavola, B. L., & Huttly, S. R. (2010). Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index: A comparative analysis. Health Policy and Planning, 26(3), 223–232.
  • Kaplan, G. A., Turrell, G., Lynch, J. W., Everson, S. A., Helkala, E. L., & Salonen, J. T. (2001). Childhood socioeconomic position and cognitive function in adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(2), 256–263. doi:10.1093/ije/30.2.256
  • Kobayashi, L. C., Glymour, M. M., Kahn, K., Payne, C. F., Wagner, R. G., Montana, L., Mateen, F. J., Tollman, S. M., & Berkman, L. F. (2017). Childhood deprivation and later-life cognitive function in a population-based study of older rural South Africans. Social Science & Medicine, 190, 20–28. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.009
  • Kuh, D., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lynch, J., Hallqvist, J., & Power, C. (2003). Life course epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(10), 778–783. doi:10.1136/jech.57.10.778
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Liu, Y., & Lachman, M. E. (2019). Socioeconomic status and parenting style from childhood: Long-term effects on cognitive function in middle and later adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(6), e13–e24. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz034
  • Luo, Y., & Waite, L. J. (2005). The impact of childhood and adult SES on physical, mental, and cognitive well-being in later life. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 60(2), S93–S101. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.2.S93
  • Lyu, J., & Burr, J. A. (2016). Socioeconomic status across the life course and cognitive function among older adults: An examination of the latency, pathways, and accumulation hypotheses. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(1), 40–67. doi:10.1177/0898264315585504
  • Mackenbach, J., Damhuis, R., & Been, J. (2017). The effects of smoking on health: Growth of knowledge reveals even grimmer picture. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 160, D869–D869.
  • Maharani, A. (2020). Childhood socioeconomic status and cognitive function later in life: Evidence from a national survey in Indonesia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 33(4), 214–222. doi:10.1177/0891988719874120
  • Moceri, V. M., Kukull, W. A., Emanuel, I., van Belle, G., & Larson, E. B. (2000). Early-life risk factors and the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 54(2), 415–420. doi:10.1212/WNL.54.2.415
  • Moorman, S. M., Carr, K., & Greenfield, E. A. (2018). Childhood socioeconomic status and genetic risk for poorer cognition in later life. Social Science & Medicine, 212, 219–226. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.025
  • Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2012). Mplus User’s Guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén. https://www.statmodel.com/download/
  • Mutz, M., & Albrecht, P. (2017). Parents’ social status and children’s daily physical activity: The role of familial socialization and support. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(11), 3026–3035. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0808-3
  • Pampel, F. C., Krueger, P. M., & Denney, J. T. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 349–370. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529
  • Qin, T., Yan, M., Fu, Z., Song, Y., Lu, W., Fu, A., & Yin, P. (2019). Association between anemia and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: Evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1), 305. doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1308-7
  • Richards, M., & Hatch, S. L. (2011). A life course approach to the development of mental skills. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66 (Suppl 1), i26–i35.
  • Richards, M., James, S.-N., Sizer, A., Sharma, N., Rawle, M., Davis, D. H., & Kuh, D. (2019). Identifying the lifetime cognitive and socioeconomic antecedents of cognitive state: Seven decades of follow-up in a British birth cohort study. BMJ Open, 9(4), e024404. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024404
  • Richards, M., & Sacker, A. (2003). Lifetime antecedents of cognitive reserve. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5), 614–624. doi:10.1076/jcen.25.5.614.14581
  • Sha, T., Yan, Y., & Cheng, W. (2018). Associations of childhood socioeconomic status with mid-life and late-life cognition in Chinese middle-aged and older population based on a 5-year period cohort study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(10), 1335–1345. doi:10.1002/gps.4930
  • Staff, R., Chapko, D., Hogan, M., & Whalley, L. (2016). Life course socioeconomic status and the decline in information processing speed in late life. Social Science & Medicine, 151, 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.019
  • Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2015–2028. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
  • Sterne, J. A., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009). Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: Potential and pitfalls. BMJ, 338, b2393. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2393
  • The Alzheimer’s Association. (2019). Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Retrieved June 16 from https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/related_conditions/mild-cognitive-impairment
  • Tian, F., Meng, S. S., & Qiu, P. (2019). Childhood adversities and mid-late depressive symptoms over the life course: Evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 668–678. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.028
  • Vukojevic, M., Zovko, A., Talic, I., Tanovic, M., Resic, B., Vrdoljak, I., & Splavski, B. (2017). Parental socioeconomic status as a predictor of physical and mental health outcomes in children - literature review. Acta Clinica Croatica, 56(4), 742–748.
  • Yang, L., & Wang, Z. (2020). Early-life conditions and cognitive function in middle-and old-aged Chinese adults: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3451. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103451
  • Zhang, Z., Gu, D., & Hayward, M. D. (2008). Early life influences on cognitive impairment among oldest old Chinese. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(1), S25–33.
  • Zhang, Z., Gu, D., & Hayward, M. D. (2010). Childhood nutritional deprivation and cognitive impairment among older Chinese people. Social Science & Medicine, 71(5), 941–949. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.013
  • Zhang, Z., Liu, H., & Choi, S-W. (2020). Early-life socioeconomic status, adolescent cognitive ability, and cognition in late midlife: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Social Science & Medicine, 244, 112575. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112575
  • Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Li, L., & Xu, H. (2018). The long arm of childhood in China: Early-life conditions and cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 30(8), 1319–1344. doi:10.1177/0898264317715975
  • Zhang, Z. X., Plassman, B. L., Xu, Q., Zahner, G. E. P., Wu, B., Gai, M. Y., Wen, H. B., Chen, X., Gao, S., Hu, D., Xiao, X. H., Shen, Y., Liu, A. M., & Xu, T. (2009). Lifespan influences on mid- to late-life cognitive function in a Chinese birth cohort. Neurology, 73(3), 186–194. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ae7c90

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.